scholarly journals A Trial of Plug Transplant Seedling Production in the Southwest

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Tinus
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Seedling Production ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Southwestern Area ◽  
Outdoor Nursery

Abstract Plug transplants were developed in the Pacific Northwest as a way to accelerate nursery production and increase root system fibrousness of barefoot seedlings, and the practice has been spreading to other areas. This paper describes a trial of its use in a do: Southwestern area. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) seed was sown in February in small containers, transplanted to outdoor nursery beds at Albuquerque NM in May, lifted the following February, and outplanted as plug+1 stock in April. Survival was as good (76 and 71%) and growth better (232 vs. 209 mm) than standard 2+0 stock after 3 yr. A similar regime for Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelm.) produced seedlings that survived and grew well (survival 86 and 94%, height growth 54 and 56 mm for plug+2 and standard stock, respectively), but they required 2 yr in the nursery bed (plug+2) to reach adequate size for transplanting, which negated the advantage of reduced production time. West. J. Appl. For. 11(3):81-84.

scholarly journals Heat Tolerance, Cold Hardiness, and Bud Dormancy Relationships in Seedlings of Selected Conifers

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Burr ◽  
Stephen J. Wallner ◽  
Richard W. Tinus
Keyword(s):  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Spruce Needles

Greenhouse-cultured, container-grown seedlings of interior Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) France], Engelmann spruce [Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelm.], and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) were acclimated and deacclimated to cold in growth chambers over 19 weeks. Heat tolerance and cold hardiness of needles, and bud dormancy, were measured weekly. Heat tolerance of Douglas fir and Engelmann spruce needles increased with development through the first complete annual cycle: new needles on actively growing plants; mature needles, not cold-hardy, on dormant plants; cold-hardy needles on dormant and quiescent plants; and mature, needles, not cold-hardy, on actively growing plants. Heat tolerance of ponderosa pine needles differed in two respects. New needles had an intermediate tolerance level to heat, and fully cold-hardy needles were the least tolerant. Thus, the physiological changes that conferred cold hardiness were not associated with greater heat tolerance in all the conifers tested. In none of these species did the timing of changes in heat tolerance coincide consistently with changes in cold hardiness or bud dormancy.

Interaction of vegetation control and fertilization on conifer species across the Pacific Northwest

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Rose ◽  
J Scott Ketchum
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
The Pacific

An experiment evaluating three levels of vegetation competition control (no control, 1.5 m2 of vegetation control, and 3.3 m2 of vegetation control), each with two fertilization treatments (fertilization at the time of planting with complete slow-release fertilizer (Woodace® IBDU), or no fertilization), was installed at five sites. Two of these sites were planted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in the Oregon Coast Range, one with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. Laws. & C. Laws.) in eastern Washington, one with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in the coastal hemlock zone in Oregon, and one with coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) in northern California. At four of the five sites, mean stem volume, basal diameter, and height of seedlings increased significantly with increasing area of weed control, and the magnitude of difference between treatments increased with time. Fertilization significantly increased seedling size only at the two sites with adequate soil moisture; increases were marginally significant at a third. Response to fertilization was less than from weed control and impacted growth for only the first year, whereas the influence of weed control continued to influence growth the entire length of the study (4 years). Area of vegetation control and fertilization did not interact significantly at any site.

scholarly journals Estimating the Avoided Fuel-Treatment Costs of Wildfire

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey H. Donovan ◽  
Thomas C. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Wildfire Management ◽  
Fuel Treatment ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Large Trees

Abstract Although the importance of wildfire to fire-adapted ecosystems is widely recognized, wildfire management has historically placed less emphasis on the beneficial effects of wildfire. We estimate the avoided fuel treatment cost for 10 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands on the Umatilla National Forest in the Pacific Northwest. Results show that fires in stands that show the greatest divergence from the archetypical ponderosa pine stand structure (large trees in an open, parklike stand) tend to have higher avoided costs. This is a reflection of the higher cost of fuel treatments in these stands: treatments designed to restore a stand to a desired condition are normally more expensive than treatments to maintain a stand in a desired condition.

scholarly journals Toward a better understanding of climate and human impacts on late Holocene fire regimes in the Pacific Northwest, USA

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan K Walsh ◽  
Haley J Duke ◽  
Kevin C Haydon
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Clackamas County ◽  
Study Sites

In order to fully appreciate the role that fire, both natural and anthropogenic, had in shaping pre-Euro-American settlement landscapes in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), it is necessary to develop a more robust method of evaluating paleofire reconstructions. Here we demonstrate an approach that includes the identification of charcoal morphotypes (i.e. visually distinct charcoal particles), and incorporates both paleoecological and archaeological data sets, to more specifically determine both the nature of past fire regimes (i.e. fuel type and fire severity) and the likely ignition source of those fires. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach by reconstructing the late Holocene fire and vegetation histories of Lake Oswego (Clackamas County), Oregon, and Fish Lake (Okanogan County), Washington, using macroscopic charcoal and pollen analysis of sediment cores. The histories were compared with climatic records from the PNW as well as archaeological, ethnographic, and historical records from the Lower Columbia River Valley and Southern Columbia Plateau cultural regions. Our results indicate that while centennial-to-millennial-scale climate change had limited influence on the fire regimes at the study sites during the past ∼3800 years, the use of fire by Native Americans for a variety of reasons, particularly after ca. 1200 calendar years before present (AD 750), had a far greater impact. Charcoal morphotype ratios also indicate that fires in the two watersheds were fundamentally different in their severity and impact, and led to major shifts in the forests and woodlands surrounding Lake Oswego, but helped maintain the ponderosa pine-dominated forest at Fish Lake. The elimination of fire from the two study sites during the past 100–300 years is likely the combined result of Euro-American contact and the arrival of disease in the PNW, as well as 20th-century fire suppression and grazing effects on fuel continuity, which has implications for future forest management and restoration efforts in the PNW.

A 35,000 Year Vegetation and Climate History from Potato Lake, Mogollon Rim, Arizona

1993 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Scott Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Ponderosa Pine Forests ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Central Arizona ◽  
Vegetation And Climate

AbstractA new record from Potato Lake, central Arizona, details vegetation and climate changes since the mid-Wisconsin for the southern Colorado Plateau. Recovery of a longer record, discrimination of pine pollen to species groups, and identification of macrofossil remains extend Whiteside's (1965) original study. During the mid-Wisconsin (ca. 35,000-21,000 yr B.P.) a mixed forest of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and other conifers grew at the site, suggesting a minimum elevational vegetation depression of ca. 460 m. Summer temperatures were as much as 5°C cooler than today. During the late Wisconsin (ca. 21,000-10,400 yr B.P.), even-cooler temperatures (7°C colder than today; ca. 800 m depression) allowed Engelmann spruce alone to predominate. Warming by ca. 10,400 yr B.P. led to the establishment of the modern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest. Thus, the mid-Wisconsin was not warm enough to support ponderosa pine forests in regions where the species predominates today. Climatic estimates presented here are consistent with other lines of evidence suggesting a cool and/or wet mid-Wisconsin, and a cold and/or wet late-Wisconsin climate for much of the Southwest. Potato Lake was almost completely dry during the mid-Holocene, but lake levels increased to near modern conditions by ca. 3000 yr B.P.

Achieving Conservation Biology Objectives with Fire in the Pacific Northwest

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Agee
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ecosystem Level

Fire has been a part of natural ecosystems for many millennia. The species of those ecosystems have evolved through a series of “coarse filters,” one of which is resistance or resilience to disturbance by fire. Plant adaptations to fire include the ability to sprout, seed bank adaptations in the soil or canopy, high dispersal ability for seeds, and thick bark. These adaptations are often to a particular fire regime, or combination of fire frequency, intensity, extent, and season. Fire can be used by managers to achieve species to ecosystem-level conservation biology objectives. Examples using prescribed fire include the grasslands of the Puget Trough of Washington State, maintenance of oak woodlands, and perpetuation of ponderosa pine/mixed-conifer forests.

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