scholarly journals Impact of future elevated carbon dioxide on C3 plant resistance to biotic stresses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quinn Bazinet ◽  
Lawrence Tang ◽  
Jacquie Bede
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
C3 Plant ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Global Food

Before the end of the century, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are predicted to increase to ~900 ppm. This will dramatically affect plant physiology and influence environmental interactions and, in particular, plant resistance to biotic stresses. This review is a broad survey of the current research on the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on phytohormone-mediated resistance of C3 agricultural crops and related model species to pathogens and insect herbivores. In general, while plants grown in eCO2 often have increased constitutive and induced salicylic acid levels and suppressed induced jasmonate levels, there are exceptions that implicate other environmental factors, such as light and nitrogen fertilization in modulating these responses. Therefore, this review sets the stage for future studies to delve into understanding the mechanistic basis behind how eCO2 will affect plant defensive phytohormone signaling pathways under future predicted environmental conditions that could threaten global food security to inform the best agricultural management practices.

scholarly journals Advances in Developing Multigene Abiotic and Biotic Stress-Tolerant Rice Varieties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitika Sandhu ◽  
Shailesh Yadav ◽  
Arvind Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stress ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Multiple Stresses ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Global Food

Increasing incidences of multiple abiotic stresses together with increasing population are the major constraints to attain the global food security. Rice, the major staple food crop is very much prone to various abiotic and biotic stresses, which can occur one at a time or two or more together in a single crop growing season and adversely affects the rice production and productivity. The devastating effect of multiple stresses on rice crop is much more erratic and complex leading to higher losses in the crop grain yield. The concurrent occurrence of multiple streeses can destroy rice production in many of the rainfed areas of South and Southeast-Asia. Genomics-assisted breeding strategies have been instrumental in introgression of various major effect QTLs/genes into rice mega varieties and have proven successful in achieving the desired level of tolerance/resistance to various abiotic stresses in diffferent crop species. Keeping the present scenario of changing climate in mind, the chapter discusses the recent past success in combining tolerance to two or more abiotic stresses in mega rice varieties applying genomics-assisted breeding and development of high-yielding climate resilient rice through stacking of multiple genes/QTLs, which can withstand in a cascade of multiple stresses occurring regularly in rainfed environments.

scholarly journals Global food insecurity. Treatment of major food crops with elevated carbon dioxide or ozone under large-scale fully open-air conditions suggests recent models may have overestimated future yields

2005 ◽  
Vol 360 (1463) ◽  
pp. 2011-2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P Long ◽  
Elizabeth A Ainsworth ◽  
Andrew D.B Leakey ◽  
Patrick B Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Air Concentration ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
Global Food

Predictions of yield for the globe's major grain and legume arable crops suggest that, with a moderate temperature increase, production may increase in the temperate zone, but decline in the tropics. In total, global food supply may show little change. This security comes from inclusion of the direct effect of rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration, [CO 2 ], which significantly stimulates yield by decreasing photorespiration in C 3 crops and transpiration in all crops. Evidence for a large response to [CO 2 ] is largely based on studies made within chambers at small scales, which would be considered unacceptable for standard agronomic trials of new cultivars or agrochemicals. Yet, predictions of the globe's future food security are based on such inadequate information. Free-Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) technology now allows investigation of the effects of rising [CO 2 ] and ozone on field crops under fully open-air conditions at an agronomic scale. Experiments with rice, wheat, maize and soybean show smaller increases in yield than anticipated from studies in chambers. Experiments with increased ozone show large yield losses (20%), which are not accounted for in projections of global food security. These findings suggest that current projections of global food security are overoptimistic. The fertilization effect of CO 2 is less than that used in many models, while rising ozone will cause large yield losses in the Northern Hemisphere. Unfortunately, FACE studies have been limited in geographical extent and interactive effects of CO 2 , ozone and temperature have yet to be studied. Without more extensive study of the effects of these changes at an agronomic scale in the open air, our ever-more sophisticated models will continue to have feet of clay.

scholarly journals Methane Emissions from Ruminants in Australia: Mitigation Potential and Applicability of Mitigation Strategies

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 951
Author(s):  
John L. Black ◽  
Thomas M. Davison ◽  
Ilona Box
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Methane Mitigation

Anthropomorphic greenhouse gases are raising the temperature of the earth and threatening ecosystems. Since 1950 atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased 28%, while methane has increased 70%. Methane, over the first 20 years after release, has 80-times more warming potential as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Enteric methane from microbial fermentation of plant material by ruminants contributes 30% of methane released into the atmosphere, which is more than any other single source. Numerous strategies were reviewed to quantify their methane mitigation potential, their impact on animal productivity and their likelihood of adoption. The supplements, 3-nitrooxypropanol and the seaweed, Asparagopsis, reduced methane emissions by 40+% and 90%, respectively, with increases in animal productivity and small effects on animal health or product quality. Manipulation of the rumen microbial population can potentially provide intergenerational reduction in methane emissions, if treated animals remain isolated. Genetic selection, vaccination, grape marc, nitrate or biochar reduced methane emissions by 10% or less. Best management practices and cattle browsing legumes, Desmanthus or Leucaena species, result in small levels of methane mitigation and improved animal productivity. Feeding large amounts daily of ground wheat reduced methane emissions by around 35% in dairy cows but was not sustained over time.

Communication: Photoinduced Carbon Dioxide Binding with Surface-Functionalized Silicon Quantum Dots

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar A. Douglas-Gallardo ◽  
Cristián Gabriel Sánchez ◽  
Esteban Vöhringer-Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Tight Binding ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Silicon Quantum Dots ◽  
Dependent Model ◽  
Photoinduced Charge

<div> <div> <div> <p>Nowadays, the search of efficient methods able to reduce the high atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has turned into a very dynamic research area. Several environmental problems have been closely associated with the high atmospheric level of this greenhouse gas. Here, a novel system based on the use of surface-functionalized silicon quantum dots (sf -SiQDs) is theoretically proposed as a versatile device to bind carbon dioxide. Within this approach, carbon dioxide trapping is modulated by a photoinduced charge redistribution between the capping molecule and the silicon quantum dots (SiQDs). Chemical and electronic properties of the proposed SiQDs have been studied with Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Density Functional Tight-Binding (DFTB) approach along with a Time-Dependent model based on the DFTB (TD-DFTB) framework. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that proposes and explores the potential application of a versatile and friendly device based on the use of sf -SiQDs for photochemically activated carbon dioxide fixation. </p> </div> </div> </div>

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