Transmissibility of Citrus leprosis virus by Brevipalpus phoenicis to Solanum violaefolium

Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV) constitutes one of the most important viruses in citrus in the areas where it occurs. Two morphological types of virus particles have been described from associated leprosis symptoms, nuclear (CiLV-N) and cytoplasmic (CiLV-C) (4). The CiLV-C is more common, representing more than 99% of samples collected from South and Central America (E. W. Kitajima and J. C. V. Rodrigues, unpublished). Both virus types are associated with the mite vector, Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). So far, CiLV-C has only been naturally transmitted by these mites to citrus (3). Plants of Solanum violaefolium Schott (Solanaceae) and ornamental and sweet orange seedlings were infested with viruliferous adult female mites, colony no. 61 (GenBank Accession No. AY320027) that were previously maintained on citrus seedlings infected with CiLV-C according to Rodrigues et al. (3). Fifteen days after the mites were transferred, spotted yellowish symptoms were observed on leaves of plants of S. violaefolium and similar symptoms were observed after 25 days on citrus leaves. The symptomatic tissues were studied using transmission electron microscopy. Particles typical of CiLV-C were observed in samples from both plant species. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of mites transmitting CiLV-C to a noncitrus host. Subsequent experiments showed that mites were able to transmit the virus between plants of S. violaefolium. Attempts to transmit the virus by mites from S. violaefolium to citrus were unsuccessful. The dsRNA viral electrophoresis profile showed differences between the two host plants. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing assays with primers designed to detect CiLV-C (2) amplified DNA fragments of the expected size and base composition. These data suggest the loss or alteration of some viral components from the Solanum sp. host that might be essential for the transmission or infection in citrus. Such a mechanism may explain why, despite the ever-increasing number of Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses in a large number of different host plant species (1), cross transmission is not common. This information shows one of the potential routes for CiLV to invade citrus orchards, and suggests one alternative host plant that allows rapid multiplication of the virus for characterization. References: (1) E. W. Kitajima et al. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 30:135, 2003. (2) E. C. Locali et al. Plant Dis. 87:1317, 2003. (3) J. C. V. Rodrigues et al. Proc. Int. Org. Citrus Virol. 174, 2000 (4) J. C. V. Rodrigues et al. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 30:161, 2003.

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INFLUENCE OF CITRUS LEPROSIS ON THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF Citrus sinensis LEAVES

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90161996000200026 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 53 (2-3) ◽

pp. 354-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N. de L. Nogueira ◽

J.C.V. Rodrigues ◽

C.P. Cabral ◽

H.S. Prates

Keyword(s):

Mineral Composition ◽

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

Sterile Soil ◽

Brevipalpus Phoenicis ◽

Citrus Leprosis ◽

Citrus Leaves ◽

Micro Elements

Citrus leprosis is the main viral disease affecting citrus in Brazil. Viral diseases can affect the mineral composition of citrus leaves, inducing mineral deficiencies. The aim of this work was to verify the influence of citrus leprosis on the mineral composition of citrus leaves, cultivar Pera. Orange seedlings were grown in pots containing sterile soil, and kept under greenhouse conditions. When plants had 15 to 20 leaves, they were infested with the mite Brevipalpus phoenicis, the leprosis vector, collected from infected citrus plants. Other plants were not infested, and were used as the control. Ninety days after infestation, all the infested plants presented leprosis lesions. The six upper leaves of each plant were collected and the determination of macro and micro-elements was performed. Leaves from the infected plants showed lower levels of N and higher levels of Ca, S and Fe, as compared to the control (= 0.05). Both treatments presented similar levels of P, K, Mg, Cu,Mn, Zn and B.

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Transmission of Citrus leprosis virus C by Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) to Alternative Host Plants Found in Citrus Orchards

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-11-0538 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (7) ◽

pp. 968-972 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M. A. Nunes ◽

C. A. L. de Oliveira ◽

M. L. de Oliveira ◽

E. W. Kitajima ◽

M. E. Hilf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Plants ◽

Sweet Orange ◽

Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽

Brevipalpus Phoenicis ◽

Orange Fruit ◽

Necrotic Spots ◽

Citrus Orchards ◽

Citrus Leprosis ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Virus C

The equivalent of US$75 million is spent each year in Brazil to control Brevipalpus phoenicis, a mite vector of Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C). In this study, we investigated the possibility that hedgerows and windbreaks normally found in citrus orchards could host CiLV-C. Mites confined by an adhesive barrier were reared on sweet orange fruit with leprosis symptoms then were transferred to leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Malvaviscus arboreus, Grevilea robusta, Bixa orellana, and Citrus sinensis. Ninety days post infestation, the descendant mites were transferred to Pera sweet orange plants to verify the transmissibility of the virus back to citrus. Nonviruliferous mites which had no feeding access to diseased tissue were used as controls. Local chlorotic or necrotic spots and ringspots, symptoms of leprosis disease, appeared in most plants tested. Results generated by reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction with primers specific for CiLV-C and by electron microscope analyses confirmed the susceptibility of these plants to CiLV-C.

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Detección del virus de la leprosis de los cítricos tipo citoplasmático en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia

Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria ◽

10.21930/rcta.vol7_num2_art:72 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 67 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Guillermo León ◽

Juliana Freitas-Astúa ◽

Elliot W. Kitajima ◽

Nora Cristina Meza

Keyword(s):

Nucleotide Sequence Identity ◽

Sweet Orange ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Principal Vector ◽

Virus Identification ◽

Sequence Identity ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Brevipalpus Phoenicis ◽

Citrus Leprosis ◽

Cdna Fragments

Durante los años 2004 y 2005 se observaron síntomas de la leprosis de los cítricos en los departamentos de Meta y Casanare. Para confirmar la causa de esta sintomatología, se colectaron hojas de naranja ‘Valencia’ con lesiones típicas en municipios de Casanare (Yopal y Aguazul) y Meta (Guamal, Villavicencio y Cumaral). Las muestras fueron procesadas identificar el virus por medio de microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET) y transcripción reversa - reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RT-PCR). Diez de las 21 muestras analizadas por MET resultaron positivas para el virus de la leprosis (Citrus Leprosis Virus, CiLV-C). En algunas muestras se observaron partículas baciliformes características del CiLV-C en el retículo endoplasmático y formas irregularles de viroplasmas en el citoplasma. Catorce de las 32 muestras procesadas por RT-PCR resultaron positivas al CiLV-C. Los análisis RT-PCR amplificaron fragmentos de cADN del tamaño esperado para las muestras colectadas en el Meta. Una de las ampliaciones fue secuenciada (GenBank accessión No. DQ272491) y la secuencia obtenida guarda identidad del 98% con la secuencia brasilera aislada de nucleótidos para CiLV-C (GenBank accessión No. AY289190.1). La secuencia obtenida y los primers fueron entregados al Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario —ICA— para el diagnóstico del virus CiLV-C en Colombia. Entre los ácaros recolectados en las plantas afectadas se identificó a Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) reconocido como principal vector de CiLV-C. Detection of the Cytoplasmic Citrus Leprosis Virus in the easter plains of ColombiaSymptoms of citrus leprosis were observed during 2004 - 2005 in the East plains of Colombia, Departments of Meta and Casanare. To identify the causal agent, CORPOICA collected leaves of Valencia sweet orange exhibiting typical lesions of leprosis from several locations in the Departments of Casanare (Yopal, Aguazul) and Meta (Guamal, Villavicencio and Cumaral). Virus identification was done by RT-PCR and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ten of the 21 samples examined by TEM resulted positive to the leprosis virus (Citrus Leprosis Virus, CiLV-C). Short bacilliform particles characteristic of CiLV-C were found in the endoplasmic reticulum, and irregularly shaped viroplasms were present in the cytoplasm. Fourteen of the 32 samples processed by RT-PCR were positive to CiLV-C. RT-PCR analyses amplified cDNA fragments of expected size for samples collected in Meta. One of the amplifications was sequenced (GenBank accession No. DQ272491) and found to have 98% nucleotide sequence identity to the Brazilian CiLV-C isolate (GenBank accession No. AY289190.1). Sequence and primers were provided to ICA for CiLV-C diagnosis in Colombia. Mites collected from affected plants were identified as Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), one of the most important vectors of CiLV-C.

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Citrus leprosis virus C Naturally Infecting Commelina benghalensis, a Prevalent Monocot Weed of Citrus Orchards in Brazil

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-11-0925-pdn ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (5) ◽

pp. 770-770 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. A. Nunes ◽

M. P. Bergamini ◽

L. F. Coerini ◽

M. Bastianel ◽

V. M. Novelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Consensus Sequence ◽

Mechanical Transmission ◽

Commelina Benghalensis ◽

Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Relevant Role ◽

Infected Cells ◽

Citrus Orchards ◽

Citrus Leprosis ◽

Virus C

There are two bacilliform, rhabdo-like viruses that cause citrus leprosis: Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), which accumulates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, and Citrus leprosis virus nuclear type (CiLV-N), which accumulates in their nucleus. The first one, the prototype of the new genus Cilevirus, is prevalent and occurs in several countries of the American continent, from Argentina to Mexico (1). The second type, still a tentative member of the Rhabdoviridae family, is of rare occurrence, with a few reports in Brazil and one in Panama (1). Leprosis is particularly important to the Brazilian citrus industry because of the 60 to 80 million dollars spent yearly for the control of Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), the vector of the virus (1). For decades, the disease was considered unique to citrus plants; however, greenhouse experiments conducted in the 1990s demonstrated the mechanical transmission of CiLV-C to noncitrus plants (1). Years later, researchers were able to transmit the virus to nonrutaceous hosts using viruliferous mites (1,4). Recently, León et al. (2) reported the occurrence of the first noncitrus plant naturally infected by CiLV-C, the rutaceous Swinglea glutinosa Blanco (Merr.). Tropical spiderworts (Commelina benghalensis L.; Commelinaceae) are monocot weeds commonly found in citrus orchards in Brazil. In a survey conducted in orchards with high incidences of leprosis in the municipalities of Borborema and São José do Rio Preto, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, tropical spiderworts were found exhibiting necrotic spots with a yellow halo in green leaves and green spots with necrotic center in senescent leaves. Since these symptoms are similar to those caused by CiLV-C in citrus, symptomatic plants were collected and subjected to transmission electron microscopy analyses and reverse transcription-PCR using primers that specifically amplify a region within the putative movement protein gene of the virus (3). Bacilliform virus particles and typical inclusions were seen in the lesions. Bands of the expected 344 bp size were seen in agarose gels of symptomatic samples only. The analysis of the consensus sequence showed 100% identity with CiLV-C sequence available in the GenBank (Accession No. YP_654542.1). Experimental transmission of CiLV-C by B. phoenicis reproduced the lesions in inoculated tropical spiderwort. Also, the virus could be easily transmitted back from C. benghalensis to sweet orange plants. Our data show that this widespread weed is the first monocot as a natural host for CiLV-C. Since tropical spiderwort is a host for B. phoenicis and symptomatic plants were found in two municipalities 130 km apart from each other, it is possible that this weed may serve as reservoir for the virus and play a relevant role in the spread of the disease in the field, but this issue still needs to be addressed in further experiments. References: (1) M. A. Bastianel et al. Plant Dis. 94:284, 2010. (2) M. G. A. Leon et al. Plant Dis. 90:682, 2008. (3) E. C. Locali-Fabris et al. Plant Dis. 87:1317. (4) M. A. Nunes et al. Plant Dis. Online publication. doi:10.1094/PDIS-06-11-0538, 2011.

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Effect of host plant on the life history of the carnation tortrix moth Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485321000493 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Marcin W. Zielonka ◽

Tom W. Pope ◽

Simon R. Leather

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Host Plant ◽

Plant Species ◽

Host Plants ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Plant Production ◽

Pupal Weight ◽

Production Environment ◽

Host Plant Species ◽

The Uk

Abstract The carnation tortrix moth, Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner, [1799]) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the most economically important insect species affecting the horticultural industry in the UK. The larvae consume foliage, flowers or fruits, and/or rolls leaves together with silken threads, negatively affecting the growth and/or aesthetics of the crop. In order to understand the polyphagous behaviour of this species within an ornamental crop habitat, we hypothesized that different host plant species affect its life history traits differently. This study investigated the effects of the host plant species on larval and pupal durations and sizes, and fecundity (the number of eggs and the number and size of egg clutches). At 20°C, 60% RH and a 16L:8D photoperiod larvae developed 10, 14, 20 and 36 days faster when reared on Christmas berry, Photinia (Rosaceae), than on cherry laurel, Prunus laurocerasus (Rosaceae), New Zealand broadleaf, Griselinia littoralis (Griseliniaceae), Mexican orange, Choisya ternata (Rutaceae), and firethorn, Pyracantha angustifolia (Rosaceae), respectively. Female pupae were 23.8 mg heavier than male pupae, and pupal weight was significantly correlated with the duration of larval development. The lowest and the highest mean numbers of eggs were produced by females reared on Pyracantha (41) and Photinia (202), respectively. Clutch size differed significantly among moths reared on different host plants, although the total number of eggs did not differ. This study showed that different ornamental host plants affect the development of C. pronubana differently. Improved understanding of the influence of host plant on the moth's life history parameters measured here will help in determining the economic impact that this species may have within the ornamental plant production environment, and may be used in developing more accurate crop protection methodologies within integrated pest management of this insect.

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The effects of host plant species and larval density on immune function in the polyphagous moth Spodoptera littoralis

Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.1002/ece3.7802 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kristina Karlsson Green

Keyword(s):

Immune Function ◽

Host Plant ◽

Plant Species ◽

Spodoptera Littoralis ◽

Larval Density ◽

Host Plant Species

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The relationship among host plant species, egg clutch size, and level of parasitism for the sharpshooter Tapajosa rubromarginata

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata ◽

10.1111/eea.12988 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 168 (12) ◽

pp. 900-910

Author(s):

Eduardo G. Virla ◽

María B. Aguirre ◽

Guido A. Van Nieuwenhove ◽

Erica B. Luft Albarracin ◽

Guillermo A. Logarzo

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

Clutch Size ◽

Plant Species ◽

Host Plant Species ◽

The Relationship

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Influence of prey size and environmental factors on predation by Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on viburnum leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/n07-021 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 140 (2) ◽

pp. 192-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Gaylord A. Desurmont ◽

Paul A. Weston

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

Plant Species ◽

Biological Control Agent ◽

Handling Time ◽

Leaf Beetle ◽

Podisus Maculiventris ◽

Viburnum Opulus ◽

Host Plant Species ◽

Search Area ◽

Rate Of Increase

AbstractExperiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to determine the influence of the relative sizes of predator and prey, temperature, presence of refugia, size of the search area, and host-plant species on the predation performance of Podisus maculiventris (Say) nymphs against viburnum leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull), a new landscape pest in North America that feeds on the foliage of species of Viburnum L. (Caprifoliaceae). Predator handling time was positively correlated with body mass of the prey for all instars of P. maculiventris, but the rate of increase of handling time relative to prey mass decreased as predator age increased. Temperature was positively correlated with predation rates, but the presence of refugia did not have an impact on predation. The influence of host-plant species and size of the search area was tested on southern arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum L.) and American cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L. var. americanum Aiton). There was a significant interaction between plant species and size of the search area, the species effect becoming significant as leaf surface area increased. In the case of southern arrowwood a negative correlation between size of the search area and predation rate was also detected. The identification of these factors adds valuable knowledge for using P. maculiventris as a biological-control agent against P. viburni.

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