scholarly journals Phytophthora ramorum on Quercus ilex in the United Kingdom

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 1241-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Denman ◽  
S. A. Kirk ◽  
C. M. Brasier ◽  
V. C. Barton ◽  
K. J. D. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Quercus Ilex ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Population ◽  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Holm Oak ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Morphological Studies

Phytophthora ramorum causes bleeding cankers of trunks of trees native to the west coast of the United States (i.e., Quercus kelloggii, Q. parvula var. shrevei, and Lithocarpus densiflorus). In the United Kingdom so far, bleeding cankers caused by inner bark infections have been found on Aesculus hippocastanum, Fagus sylvatica, Q. cerris, Q. falcata, and Q. petraea ( http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]). Shoot tip dieback (ramorum dieback) and foliar necrosis (ramorum leaf blight) are other diseases caused by the pathogen on understory and ornamental plants (3). Inoculum is produced on infected shoots and leaves of foliar hosts but not on bole cankers (1). Foliar hosts are thus critical in initiating and maintaining epidemics of tree mortality resulting from lethal bark cankers. Ramorum dieback and blight occurs in Europe on genera Rhododendron, Camellia, Kalmia, Pieris, and Viburnum (http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]), and now we report these diseases on foliage and shoots of holm oaks (Quercus ilex) in Cornwall (UK). First discovered in November 2003, infected young leaves had a water-soaked, dull gray appearance, and petioles were blackened. Lesions started at leaf margins, tips, or petioles, often progressing into the midrib veins. Initial infections also occurred on shoots and extended into the petioles. If shoots were infected, they were blackened at first, but later in the season clusters of dry, dead leaves and twigs characterized branch tips. Infected mature leaves bore dry, reddish-brown, restricted lesions. P. ramorum (A1 sexual compatibility type belonging to the European population) was isolated and confirmed by morphological studies, ITS sequence (GenBank Accession No. AY924253), and amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses. Lesions developed on detached leaves dipped for 10 sec in inoculum (4 × 105 zoospores per ml) and incubated in moist chambers at 20°C for 6 days (2). Two isolates were used (four leaves per isolate). The pathogen was reisolated, and the tests were repeated twice. Koch's postulates were also successfully completed once on foliage attached to saplings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. ramorum on holm oak. So far, at least 24 holm oaks are infected at various woodland and garden sites in the United Kingdom; infected rhododendrons have also been found at these sites. P. ramorum has also been recorded on saplings in nurseries. The high sporulation potential, the evergreen nature of leaves, and susceptible shoots indicate that holm oak could be a significant source of inoculum for other hosts. References: (1) J. M. Davidson et al. Phytopathology 95:587, 2005. (2) S. Denman et al. Plant Pathol. 54:512, 2005. (3) E. M. Hansen et al. Plant Dis. 89:63, 2005.

Ecology and Evolution of the Sudden Oak Death Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklaus J. Grünwald ◽  
Jared M. LeBoldus ◽  
Richard C. Hamelin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Sudden Oak Death ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
The United Kingdom

The sudden oak and sudden larch death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum emerged simultaneously in the United States on oak and in Europe on Rhododendron in the 1990s. This pathogen has had a devastating impact on larch plantations in the United Kingdom as well as mixed conifer and oak forests in the Western United States. Since the discovery of this pathogen, a large body of research has provided novel insights into the emergence, epidemiology, and genetics of this pandemic. Genetic and genomic resources developed for P. ramorum have been instrumental in improving our understanding of the epidemiology, evolution, and ecology of this disease. The recent reemergence of EU1 in the United States and EU2 in Europe and the discovery of P. ramorum in Asia provide renewed impetus for research on the sudden oak death pathogen.

Strike Ballots, Democracy, and Law

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Breen Creighton ◽  
Catrina Denvir ◽  
Richard Johnstone ◽  
Shae McCrystal ◽  
Alice Orchiston
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Labour Organisation ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Strike Activity ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Worked Example ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Democratic Rights ◽  
The Right

The purpose of the research upon which this book is based was empirically to investigate whether the ballot requirements in the Fair Work Act do indeed impose a significant obstacle to the taking of industrial action, and whether those provisions are indeed impelled by a legitimate ‘democratic imperative’. The book starts from the proposition that virtually all national legal systems, and international law, recognise the right to strike as a fundamental human right. It acknowledges, however, that in no case is this recognition without qualification. Amongst the most common qualifications is a requirement that to be lawful strike action must first be approved by a ballot of workers concerned. Often, these requirements are said to be necessary to protect the democratic rights of the workers concerned: this is the so-called ‘democratic imperative’. In order to evaluate the true purpose and effect of ballot requirements the book draws upon the detailed empirical study of the operation of the Australian legislative provisions noted above; a comparative analysis of law and practice in a broad range of countries, with special reference to Canada, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States; and the jurisprudence of the supervisory bodies of the International Labour Organisation. It finds that in many instances ballot requirements – especially those relating to quorum – are more concerned with curtailing strike activity than with constructively responding to the democratic imperative. Frequently, they also proceed from a distorted perception of what ‘democracy’ could and should entail in an industrial context. Paradoxically, the study also finds that in some contexts ballot requirements can provide additional bargaining leverage for unions. Overall, however, the study confirms our hypothesis that the principal purpose of ballot requirements – especially in Australia and the United Kingdom – is to curtail strike activity rather than to vindicate the democratic imperative, other than on the basis of a highly attenuated reading of that term. We believe that the end-result constitutes an important study of the practical operation of a complex set of legal rules, and one which exposes the dichotomy between the ostensible and real objectives underpinning the adoption of those rules. It also furnishes a worked example of multi-methods empirical, comparative and doctrinal legal research in law, which we hope will inspire similar approaches to other areas of labour law.

scholarly journals A Comparative Discussion of the Judicial Disqualification of Directors under the South African Companies Act

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Rehana Cassim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
South African ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The South ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Locus Standi

Abstract Section 162 of the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008 empowers courts to declare directors delinquent and hence to disqualify them from office. This article compares the judicial disqualification of directors under this section with the equivalent provisions in the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States of America, which have all influenced the South African act. The article compares the classes of persons who have locus standi to apply to court to disqualify a director from holding office, as well as the grounds for the judicial disqualification of a director, the duration of the disqualification, the application of a prescription period and the discretion conferred on courts to disqualify directors from office. It contends that, in empowering courts to disqualify directors from holding office, section 162 of the South African Companies Act goes too far in certain respects.

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