holm oak
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Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Irene Adamo ◽  
Svetlana Dashevskaya ◽  
Josu G. Alday

Forest restoration has become one of the most important challenges for restoration ecology in the recent years. In this regard, soil fungi are fundamental drivers of forest ecosystem processes, with significant implications for plant growth and survival. However, the post-disturbance recovery of belowground communities has been rarely assessed, especially in highly degraded systems such as mines. Our aim was to compare forests and mined systems for biomass and structure of fungal communities in soil during early stages of tree establishment after disturbance. We performed ergosterol analysis and PacBio and Illumina sequencing of internal transcribed spacer 2 amplicons across soil layers in P. sylvestris, Q. robur and Q. ilex (holm oak) forests and naturally revegetated mined sites. In pine forests, total fungal biomass was significantly higher in litter and humus compared to mineral layers, with dominance of the mycorrhizal genera Tomentella, Inocybe and Tricholoma. Conversely, in oak forests the most abundant mycorrhizal genera were Tomentella, Cortinarius and Sebacina, but the biomass of saprotrophic fungi was greater in the litter layer compared to mycorrhizal fungi, with the genus Preussia being the most abundant. In the revegetated mined sites, ectomycorrhizal fungi dominated in the humus and mineral layers, with the mycorrhizal genus Oidiodendron being dominant. In contrast, in holm oak forests saprotrophic fungi dominated both soil humus and mineral layers, with the genera of Alternaria, Bovista and Mycena dominating the soil humus forest layer, while the genus Cadophora dominated the mineral layer. The habitat-specific differences in soil fungal community composition and putative functions suggest that an understanding of soil–plant–microbial interactions for different tree species and use of specific soil/litter inoculum upon planting/seeding might help to increase the effectiveness of tree restoration strategies in Mediterranean degraded sites.


Author(s):  
L. Sucena-Paiva ◽  
O. Correia ◽  
L. Rosário ◽  
S. Chozas

Geoderma ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 405 ◽  
pp. 115401
Author(s):  
Zhaobin Mu ◽  
Dolores Asensio ◽  
Joan Llusià ◽  
Iolanda Filella ◽  
Romà Ogaya ◽  
...  

Trees ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Rodríguez-Romero ◽  
Alejandro Gallardo ◽  
Andrea Pérez ◽  
Fernando Pulido

Abstract Key Message The patterns of induced chemical defences in Quercus ilex leaves are specific to the biotic stress factor that causes them. Interactive effects between stressors depend on provenance. Abstract Quercus forests are suffering serious decline worldwide, closely linked to the consequences of climate change. The increase of biotic stressors threatens the survival of the holm oak (Quercus ilex), a dominant tree species in the Mediterranean Basin. A better understanding of its resistance mechanisms is urgently required to enable a better control of its decline. In this work, the ability of holm oaks from six Iberian provenances to respond to multiple biotic damage is studied through an analysis of their induced chemical defence patterns. Using 2016 seedlings established in a common garden trial (6 regions × 12 families/region × 7 seedlings/family × 4 treatments), biotic damage was induced at the root level (by infection with the widespread pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi) and at the above-ground level (by mechanical defoliation). The levels of constitutive and induced total phenols, total tannins and condensed tannins were measured. Results showed that (1) the defensive chemical patterns present significant local and geographical variation, (2) survival to stress is more related to constitutive defences than induced ones, (3) the induced response is stressor-specific, and (4) there is an interactive effect amongst stressors whose sign (induction/inhibition) depends on the provenance. These findings on biotic stressor effects on the chemical defences and survival of holm oak can contribute to the development of genetic material selection programs in the integrated control of the widespread decline of Quercus.


Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1634
Author(s):  
Mª Teresa Martínez ◽  
Isabel Arrillaga ◽  
Ester Sales ◽  
María Amparo Pérez-Oliver ◽  
Mª del Carmen González-Mas ◽  
...  

Holm oak populations have deteriorated drastically due to oak decline syndrome. The first objective of the present study was to investigate the use of axillary budding and somatic embryogenesis (SE) to propagate asymptomatic holm oak genotypes identified in disease hotspots in Spain. Axillary budding was achieved in two out of six tolerant genotypes from the south-western region and in two out of four genotypes from the Mediterranean region. Rooting of shoots cultured on medium supplemented with 3 mg L−1 of indole-3-acetic acid plus 0.1 mg L−1 α-naphthalene acetic acid was achieved, with rates ranging from 8 to 36%. Shoot cultures remained viable after cold storage for 9–12 months; this procedure is therefore suitable for medium-term conservation of holm oak germplasm. SE was induced in two out of the three genotypes tested, by using nodes and shoot tips cultured in medium without plant growth regulators. In vitro cloned progenies of the tolerant genotypes PL-T2 and VA5 inhibited growth of Phytophthora cinnamomi mycelia when exposed to the oomycete in vitro. Significant differences in total phenol contents and in the expression profiles of genes regulating phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were observed between in vitro cultured shoots derived from tolerant trees and cultures established from control genotypes.


Environments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Nuno de Santos Loureiro ◽  
Maria Jacinta Fernandes

Structural connectivity can be inferred by several landscape metrics that appear to be relevant for characterizing how landscapes constrain or favor the presence and movement of animal species at the level of the regional landscape. Trends of change can be estimated trough spatial time-series analysis. The use of historical maps increases the time span of analysis of the landscape dynamic, relative to the use of remote sensing-related information. Supported by GIS, in this study, a framework for the analyses of the long-term trends of change in the connectivity of the Algarve regional landscape was used to seize the possibility of expanding the span of the spatial time series by integrating an unpublished agricultural and forest map from the turn of the 19th to the 20th century with another historical map and two recent maps. The total area covered by cork and holm oak-related community patches and their connectivity increased over the 20th century and stabilized in the 21st century. A reflection on Portuguese contemporary land-cover policies is urged, to face the sustainable planning and management challenges concerning biodiversity.


Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1600
Author(s):  
Albert Bach ◽  
Jose Joaquin Ceron ◽  
Roser Maneja ◽  
Joan Llusià ◽  
Josep Penuelas ◽  
...  

The current study analyses the evolution of different human stress markers during an 8 h exposure to a Mediterranean Holm oak forest. We conducted a pre-post study with thirty-one subjects in which saliva samples were collected before the exposure (baseline) and after 1, 2, 4 and 8 h. Our results show: (A) a significant decrease in cortisol saliva concentrations from the second hour until the end compared to basal time; (B) a significant increase in alpha amylase activity after the first hour of exposure compared to basal time that remained elevated during the rest of the study; (C) a significant decrease in IgA from the fourth hour of exposure compared to the basal time. These findings indicate an effect of forest exposure in salivary biomarkers of stress and provide relevant data for the scientific and healthcare community encouraging further research in the field.


CATENA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
pp. 105514
Author(s):  
Esther Bochet ◽  
María José Molina ◽  
Vicente Monleón ◽  
Tíscar Espigares ◽  
José Manuel Nicolau ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11871
Author(s):  
María Videgain ◽  
Joan J. Manyà ◽  
Mariano Vidal ◽  
Eva Cristina Correa ◽  
Belén Diezma ◽  
...  

The susceptibility to fragmentation of biochar is an important property to consider in field applications. Physical and mechanical properties of wood-derived biochars from vine shoots and holm oak were studied to evaluate the effect of biomass feedstock, final pyrolysis temperature and application conditions. Vine shoots and holm oak pruning residues were selected for biochar production. Slow pyrolysis experiments were conducted at two different final temperatures (400 and 600 °C). Physical and chemical characteristics of biomass and biochars were determined. Impact strength was evaluated through the measurement of the gravitational potential energy per unit area (J mm−2) necessary for the breakage of biochar fragments. Shear strength (N mm−2) and a combination of shear/compression strengths (N) were analyzed using a Universal Texture Analyzer. A particular mechanical treatment was carried out on biochar samples to simulate the processing bodies of a commercial manure spreader, under two gravimetric moisture contents. Holm oak-derived biochar was more resistant than vine shoot-derived biochar to the applied forces. Vine shoots-derived biochar did not show a significantly different mechanical behavior between temperatures. Holm Oak-derived biochar produced at the higher final pyrolysis temperature showed higher resistance to be broken into smaller pieces. Moistening resulted in an adequate practice to improve mechanical spreading.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Gómez-Giraldez ◽  
María Dolores Carbonero ◽  
Elisabet Carpintero ◽  
María Pat González-Dugo

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