scholarly journals Critical Fungicide Spray Period for Citrus Black Spot Control in São Paulo State, Brazil

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrício Eustáquio Lanza ◽  
Tadeu Germano Metzker ◽  
Thiago Vinhas ◽  
Franklin Behlau ◽  
Geraldo José Silva Junior
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Citrus Black Spot ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Orange Orchard ◽  
Rational Program

The period of citrus black spot (CBS) control used in South Africa (SA) and Australia, from October to January or February, has not been as effective in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate different periods of protection and determine the critical period for CBS control in SP. A field trial was carried out for two seasons in a mature Valencia sweet orange orchard located in Mogi Guaçu, SP. Spray programs with a total of 60, 100, 140, 180, and 220 days of fruit protection (DFP) were evaluated. CBS symptoms and fruit drop decreased exponentially as the length of the period of protection increased. The reductions in CBS intensity and crop loss with these programs ranged from 34 to 96 and 50 to 77%, respectively. The programs with 180 and 220 DFP, which protected the fruit from September to March and May, showed the highest cost benefit. The critical period needed for CBS control in SP is longer than that in SA and Australia. The results obtained with the present study are helpful for scheduling a more efficient and rational program for CBS control not only in SP but also in other tropical and subtropical regions with similar weather conditions.

Citrus black spot severity related to premature fruit drop in sweet orange orchards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Jackson Machado ◽  
Fabrício Eustáquio Lanza ◽  
Marcela Olivetti Ferretti ◽  
Régis Oliveira Fialho ◽  
Franklin Behlau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Citrus Black Spot ◽  
Fruit Drop

scholarly journals Faunistic analysis of Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) in five agroecosystems in northeastern São Paulo state, Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 954-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Jorge Cividanes ◽  
José Carlos Barbosa ◽  
Sérgio Ide ◽  
Nelson Wanderlei Perioto ◽  
Rogéria Inês Rosa Lara
Keyword(s):  
Similarity Index ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Orange Orchard ◽  
Forest Boundary

The objective of this study was to determined species composition and community structure of Carabidae and Staphylinidae in five areas of forest fragment and soybean/corn crops or orange orchard, from December 2004 to May 2007. Beetles were captured in pitfall traps distributed along two parallel transects of 200 m in length, placed across crop land/forest boundary fragment, with 100 m each. The Shannon-Wiener diversity and evenness indexes and Morisita similarity index were calculated. The carabids Abaris basistriatus Chaudoir, Calosoma granulatum Perty, Megacephala brasiliensis Kirby, Odontochila nodicornis (Dejean) and Selenophorus seriatoporus Putzeys. are dominant and are widely distributed in northeastern São Paulo state, Brazil. Point-scale species diversity was greatest at the transition between forest fragment and cultivated area. The carabid and staphylinid communities of the forest fragment were more similar to the community of orange orchard than that of soybean/corn crops.

Street Markets in La Paz and São Paulo

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-108
Author(s):  
Calla Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Incentive Structures ◽  
Game Theoretic

Chapter 4 tells the history and structure of street vending in two municipalities in the La Paz department of Bolivia and two districts in the São Paulo state in of Brazil. This chapter demonstrates how officials actively intervene in informal markets and workers’ organizations, and suggests how those interventions vary over time, creating highly structured organizations around La Paz and fleeting organizations around São Paulo. The chapter then develops the specific incentive structures that officials and workers face. Chapter 4 grounds the game theoretic model’s assumptions in observations from street markets in La Paz: It shows that unorganized street vendors create negative externalities, that street vendors approach collective action decisions with a cost–benefit analysis, that officials offer private benefits to organized street vendors, especially leaders, and that once organized, street vendors self-regulate and bargain with officials.

scholarly journals Characterization of Black Spot Zones for Vulnerable Road Users in São Paulo (Brazil) and Rome (Italy)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 858-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudia Machado ◽  
Mariana Giannotti ◽  
Francisco Neto ◽  
Antonino Tripodi ◽  
Luca Persia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Spot ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vulnerable Road Users

scholarly journals VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DA SEMEADURA DE SOJA EM DIFERENTES ARRANJOS ESPACIAIS DE PLANTAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179
Author(s):  
LEANDRO AUGUSTO Augusto Felix TAVARES ◽  
Tiago Pereira da Silva Correia ◽  
Saulo Fernando Gomes Sousa ◽  
Neilor Bugoni Riquetti ◽  
Paulo Roberto Arbex Silva
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Double Line ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Economic Balance ◽  
E Mail

VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DA SEMEADURA DE SOJA EM DIFERENTES ARRANJOS ESPACIAIS DE PLANTAS   LEANDRO AUGUSTO FELIX TAVARES1, TIAGO PEREIRA DA SILVA CORREIA2, SAULO FERNANDO GOMES SOUSA3, NEILOR BUGONI RIQUETTI4, PAULO ROBERTO ARBEX SILVA5             1 Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Avenida Universitária, número 1000, bairro Universitários, Cep: 38610-000, Unaí/MG, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]               2 Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Campos Universitário Darci Ribeiro ICC – Asa Norte, Cep: 04508, Brasília/DF, e-mail: [email protected]                                         3 Agroefetiva, Rua Pinheiro Machado, número 689, bairro Vila São Lucio, Cep: 18600-180 Botucatu/SP, e-mail: [email protected]                                     4 Departamento de Agricultura, Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rodovia Ulysses Gaboardi, número 3000, Cep: 89520-000, Curitibanos/SC, e-mail: [email protected]                                         5 Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rua Dr. José Barbosa de Barros, número 1780, Cep: 18610-034, bairro Jardim Paraiso, Botucatu/ SP, e-mail [email protected]   RESUMO: Novos arranjos de semeadura têm sido estudados por diversos pesquisadores na tentativa de se obter maiores produtividades, dentre eles o espaçamento reduzido entre linhas, linhas cruzadas e linha dupla. O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar a produtividade e balanço econômico da semeadura de soja utilizando diferentes arranjos espaciais de plantas e semeadoras-adubadoras. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Fazenda Lageado, pertencente a Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo quatro arranjos de plantas na semeadura (convencional, cruzada, adensado e em fileira dupla) e dois tipos de semeadora-adubadora (Precisão e fluxo contínuo), com quatro repetições, totalizando 32 parcelas experimentais. O balanço econômico foi realizado utilizando a metodologia de custo operacional de máquinas agrícolas descrita por Mialhe (1974) e ASABE (2011). Pode-se concluir que o arranjo de semeadura de soja em linha dupla com semeadora-adubadora de precisão apresenta maior produtividade, rentabilidade e benefício/custo.   Palavras-chaves: produtividade, desempenho operacional, rentabilidade, linha dupla.   ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF SOYBEAN SOWING IN DIFFERENT      PLANTS SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS       ABSTRACT: Several researchers has been studying new sowing arrangements, including reduced row spacing, cross row spacing and double row spacing in an attempt to obtain higher yields.  The aim of this study      was to perform soybean      sowing  productivity and economic balance using different spatial arrangements of plants and sowing-fertilizers. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of      Lageado Farm, belonging to the College of Agricultural  Sciences at University of Sao Paulo State Campus of Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was in a randomized block design, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four planting arrangements (conventional, crossed, adensed and double row) and two types of sowing-fertilizers (precision and continuous flow), with four replications, totali     zing 32 experimental plots. The economical balance was carried out using operational cost of agricultural machines methodology. It was concluded that the double row soybean sowing arrangement with the precision sowing-fertilizer presents higher productivity, profitability and cost-benefit.   Keywords: productivity, operating performance, profitability, double line.  

scholarly journals Recent Introduction and Recombination in Colletotrichum acutatum Populations Associated with Citrus Postbloom Fruit Drop Epidemics in São Paulo, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 769-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maisa Ciampi-Guillardi ◽  
Cristina Baldauf ◽  
Anete Pereira Souza ◽  
Geraldo José Silva-Junior ◽  
Lilian Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Common Source ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Recent Introduction ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Haplotypic Diversity ◽  
Fungal Propagules

Citrus crops in São Paulo State, Brazil, have been severely affected by postbloom fruit drop disease (PFD), which is caused by Colletotrichum acutatum. This disease leads to the drop of up to 100% of young fruits. Previous studies have assumed that this pathogen exhibits a clonal reproductive mode, although no population genetic studies have been conducted so far. Thus, the genetic structure of six C. acutatum populations from sweet orange orchards showing PFD symptoms was determined using nine microsatellite markers, enabling inference on predominant mode of reproduction. C. acutatum populations exhibit a nearly panmictic genetic structure and a high degree of admixture, indicating either ongoing contemporary gene flow at a regional scale or a recent introduction from a common source, since this pathogen was introduced in Brazil only very recently. Sharing haplotypes among orchards separated by 400 km suggests the natural dispersal of fungal propagules, with the possible involvement of pollinators. A significant population expansion was detected, which was consistent with an increase in host density associated with crop expansion toward new areas across the state. Findings of moderate to high levels of haplotypic diversity and gametic equilibrium suggest that recombination might play an important role in these pathogen populations, possibly via parasexual reproduction or a cryptic sexual cycle. This study provides additional tools for epidemiological studies of C. acutatum to improve prevention and management strategies for this disease.

scholarly journals Health, environmental, and economic costs from the use of a stabilized diesel/ethanol mixture in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl 4) ◽  
pp. S559-S569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Ethanol Mixture ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Air Quality Improvement ◽  
The City

In Greater Metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil, fossil fuel combustion in the transportation system is a major cause of outdoor air pollution. Air quality improvement requires additional policies and technological upgrades in fuels and vehicle engines. The current study thus simulated the environmental and social impacts resulting from the use of a stabilized diesel/ethanol mixture in the bus and truck fleet in Greater Metropolitan São Paulo. The evaluation showed reductions in air pollutants, mainly PM10, which would help avert a number of disease events and deaths, as estimated through dose-response functions of epidemiological studies on respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Valuation of the impacts using an environmental cost-benefit analysis considered operational installation, job generation, potential carbon credits, and health costs, with an overall positive balance of US$ 2.851 million. Adding the estimated qualitative benefits to the quantitative ones, the project's benefits far outweigh the measured costs. Greater Metropolitan São Paulo would benefit from any form of biodiesel use, producing environmental, health and socioeconomic gains, the three pillars of sustainability.

scholarly journals Sampling and Diversity of Hymenoptera (Insecta) in an Orange Orchard/Brazilian Savannah Fragment Interface

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogeria Inês Rosa Lara ◽  
Daniell Rodrigo Rodrigues Fernandes ◽  
Danielle Roberta Versuti ◽  
Maria Flora de Almeida Tango ◽  
Nelson Wanderley Perioto
Keyword(s):  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Brazilian Savannah ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Orange Orchard ◽  
Malaise Traps

The aim of this work was to assess the diversity of Hymenoptera in an orange orchard / Brazilian savannah fragment interface in Descalvado, State of São Paulo, Brazil, using Moericke, Malaise and pitfall traps. The sampling was carried out from February to June 2006, when 5,148 specimens of Hymenoptera, from 12 superfamilies and 36 families, were caught: Chalcidoidea (1,885 specimens; 36.6% out of the total; 14 families), Ichneumonoidea (715; 13.9%; 2), Vespoidea (554; 10.8%; 5), Apoidea (444; 8.6%; 2), Diaprioidea (430; 8.4%; 2), Chrysidoidea (366; 7.1%; 3), Platygastroidea (340; 6.6%; 2), Ceraphronoidea (211; 4.1%; 2), Cynipoidea (107; 2.1%; 1), Evanioidea (83; 1.6%; 1), Tenthredinoidea (7; 0.1%; 1) and Trigonaloidea (6; 0.1%; 1). The Moericke and Malaise traps installed in the Brazilian savannah fragment were responsible for capturing the highest number of Hymenoptera (2,158 specimens; 41.9% out of the total collected and 1,739; 33.8%, respectively), followed by the Moericke traps placed in the orange orchard (1,123; 21.8%) and by the pitfall traps (128; 2.5%). The results indicate that the diversity of families of Hymenoptera in the Brazilian savannah fragment is greater than in the culture of citrus and expresses the greatest diversity of hosts existing in that environment. The study made clear that the combined use of different kinds of traps allows the capture of a large diversity of Hymenoptera. Amostragem e Diversidade de Hymenoptera (Insecta) em uma Interface Cultura de Citros/Fragmento de Cerrado Resumo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a diversidade de himenópteros de uma interface cultura de citros/fragmento de Cerrado em Descalvado, SP, Brasil, através do uso de armadilhas de Moericke, de Malaise e de pitfall. As amostragens ocorreram entre fevereiro e junho de 2006, quando foram obtidos 5.148 exemplares de himenópteros pertencentes a 12 superfamílias e 36 famílias: Chalcidoidea (1.885 exemplares; 36,6% do total; 14 famílias), Ichneumonoidea (715; 13,9%; 2), Vespoidea (554; 10,8%; 5), Apoidea (444; 8,6%; 2), Diaprioidea (430; 8,4%; 2), Chrysidoidea (366; 7,1%; 3), Platygastroidea (340; 6,6%; 2), Ceraphronoidea (211; 4,1%; 2), Cynipoidea (107; 2,1%; 1), Evanioidea (83; 1,6%; 1), Tenthredinoidea (7; 0,1%; 1) e Trigonaloidea (6; 0,1%; 1). As armadilhas de Moericke e de Malaise instaladas no fragmento de Cerrado capturaram o maior número de exemplares de himenópteros (2.158 exemplares; 41,9% do total coletado e 1.739; 33,8%, respectivamente), seguidas pelas de Moericke instaladas na cultura de citros (1.123; 21,8%) e pitfall (128; 2,5%). Os resultados obtidos indicam que a diversidade de famílias de himenópteros no fragmento de Cerrado é maior do que na cultura de citros e expressa a maior diversidade de hospedeiros existente naquele ambiente. O uso combinado de diferentes tipos de armadilhas possibilitou a captura de maior diversidade de grupos de himenópteros.

scholarly journals Identification of Resistance to Citrus Black Spot Using a Novel In-field Inoculation Assay

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1673-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Miles ◽  
Malcolm W. Smith ◽  
Nga T. Tran ◽  
Timothy A. Shuey ◽  
Megan M. Dewdney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Spot ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Field Inoculation ◽  
Citrus Black Spot ◽  
Citrus Breeding ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Citrus Maxima ◽  
Phyllosticta Citricarpa ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
And Control

Citrus black spot is an important fungal disease of citrus resulting in fruit drop and rind blemish in tropical and subtropical production areas. The disease is incited by the fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) van der Aa (synonym: Guignardia citricarpa Kiely), with control currently relying on the application of fungicides. Because the presence and expression of resistance is poorly understood, we sought to develop a method for inoculating fruit in the field that gives reproducible symptoms of citrus black spot consistent with natural field infection. We subsequently validated this method by screening 49 citrus accessions and characterized their qualitative expression of citrus black spot symptoms. Challenge inoculations were undertaken with a known isolate of P. citricarpa, and control fruit were inoculated with water or the endophyte P. paracapitalensis Guarnaccia & Crous. Our results showed that all mandarin, sweet orange, lemon and papeda types were susceptible; pummelo, lime, and sour orange types expressed immunity; while various hybrids were susceptible, resistant and immune. Hybrid progeny from crosses using pummelo [Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.] as a parent showed preliminary evidence of segregation for citrus black spot immunity. The implications of these results to achieve genetic improvement for citrus black spot resistance in citrus breeding programs are discussed.

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