Street Markets in La Paz and São Paulo

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-108
Author(s):  
Calla Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Incentive Structures ◽  
Game Theoretic

Chapter 4 tells the history and structure of street vending in two municipalities in the La Paz department of Bolivia and two districts in the São Paulo state in of Brazil. This chapter demonstrates how officials actively intervene in informal markets and workers’ organizations, and suggests how those interventions vary over time, creating highly structured organizations around La Paz and fleeting organizations around São Paulo. The chapter then develops the specific incentive structures that officials and workers face. Chapter 4 grounds the game theoretic model’s assumptions in observations from street markets in La Paz: It shows that unorganized street vendors create negative externalities, that street vendors approach collective action decisions with a cost–benefit analysis, that officials offer private benefits to organized street vendors, especially leaders, and that once organized, street vendors self-regulate and bargain with officials.

scholarly journals Health, environmental, and economic costs from the use of a stabilized diesel/ethanol mixture in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl 4) ◽  
pp. S559-S569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Ethanol Mixture ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Air Quality Improvement ◽  
The City

In Greater Metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil, fossil fuel combustion in the transportation system is a major cause of outdoor air pollution. Air quality improvement requires additional policies and technological upgrades in fuels and vehicle engines. The current study thus simulated the environmental and social impacts resulting from the use of a stabilized diesel/ethanol mixture in the bus and truck fleet in Greater Metropolitan São Paulo. The evaluation showed reductions in air pollutants, mainly PM10, which would help avert a number of disease events and deaths, as estimated through dose-response functions of epidemiological studies on respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Valuation of the impacts using an environmental cost-benefit analysis considered operational installation, job generation, potential carbon credits, and health costs, with an overall positive balance of US$ 2.851 million. Adding the estimated qualitative benefits to the quantitative ones, the project's benefits far outweigh the measured costs. Greater Metropolitan São Paulo would benefit from any form of biodiesel use, producing environmental, health and socioeconomic gains, the three pillars of sustainability.

How to Make Money while Running from the Cops

2021 ◽  
pp. 130-148
Author(s):  
Calla Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
City Governments ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Survey Participant ◽  
El Alto ◽  
The City

Chapter 6 develops the theory in a comparative context, by adding case studies of organized and unorganized street vendors and the city governments that they interact with in El Alto, Bolivia and two districts in São Paulo, Brazil. The chapter is based on original interview, survey, participant observation, and ethnographic data that was collected during a total of three months in each city over four research trips in 2012, 2014 to 2015, 2018, and 2019. As part of the project, the author briefly sold selfie sticks as a street vendor in a central district of São Paulo in 2015. Comparing the city of La Paz to the neighboring city of El Alto holds many national-level features constant but varies city government enforcement capacity. Comparing two districts in São Paulo to each other and then La Paz and El Alto adds more variation on enforcement capacity. São Paulo, the large, modern metropolis of the region’s richest country, with many employment opportunities, services, stable laws, and a history of labor organizing, should have more organized street vendors than La Paz, according to resource- or political context-based theories of collective action. Instead, only 2 percent of São Paulo’s 100,000 vendors are organized, compared to 75 percent of La Paz’s 60,000. I explain this difference with the interaction between individual resources, official incentives, and local government enforcement capacity.

instituciones-participativas en Suramérica ¿del optimismo al ocaso?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Goldfrank| ◽  
◽  
Lorena Vásquez González ◽  
Cecilia Schneider ◽  
Julieta Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
La Paz ◽  
America Latina

Este libro empezó como un proyecto académico en el año 2017, a propósito del panel Participación ciudadana e innovaciones democráticas en el sur. Miradas y debates de tres décadas de experiencias, organizado en el marco del noveno Congreso Latinoamericano ALACIP celebrado en Uruguay. Allí coincidimos, entre otros, con los colegas Cecilia Schneider, Micaela Moreira, Jessica Lanza, Alejandra Marzuca y Alberto Ford. El panel nos permitió compartir el análisis de experiencias de innovación democrática –especialmente en el nivel local– en diversos países de América Latina, así como examinar el alcance de su implementación por parte de gobiernos locales de la región. A partir de los debates allí expuestos y las investigaciones presentadas decidimos continuar, por lo que extendimos la invitación a otros colegas con el objeto de preparar una publicación que reflejara las experiencias de participación ciudadana en diferentes capitales de Suramérica. Se unieron a este proyecto Julieta Rey, Celene Tonella y William Antônio Borges. La presente obra, fruto de un esfuerzo colectivo, incluye una colección de capítulos que revisan los procesos de democracia participativa en cuatro ciudades capitales de Suramérica: Bogotá, Buenos Aires, La Paz y Sao Paulo.

Managing Contentious Collective Action

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-129
Author(s):  
Calla Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Street Vendor ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

Chapter 5 develops an ethnography of street vendors, their organizations, and the city officials who they interact with in the city of La Paz, Bolivia. The chapter is based on 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork in the city over four research trips in 2012, 2014 to 2015, 2018, and 2019 as well as administrative data on 31,906 street vending licenses in the city. Fieldwork included interviews, participant observation at dozens of meetings between bureaucrats and organized vendors, ride-alongs with the Municipal Guard, a street vendor survey, working as a street vendor in a clothing market, and selling wedding services with a street vendor cooperative. The theory’s observable implications are illustrated with ethnographic evidence, survey results, and license data from La Paz. I discuss how street vending has changed in the city and how officials have intervened in collective action decisions as the informal sector grew. The chapter demonstrates that officials increased benefits to organized vendors as the costs of regulating markets increased. Additionally, the leaders that take advantage of these offers tend to have more resources than their colleagues, and as the offers increased, so did the level of organization among the city’s street vendors. The chapter also discusses the many trade-offs that officials make in implementing different policies, and how officials manage the often combative organizations that they encourage.

Description of the male of Phoebe ornator (Tippmann, 1960) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Hemilophini), analysis of the species biogeography, and first observation of chromatic gender dimorphism in Hemilophini

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4250 (4) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
ROBERT PERGER ◽  
ANTONIO SANTOS-SILVA ◽  
FERNANDO GUERRA
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Gender Dimorphism ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
First Time

The male of Phoebe ornator (Tippmann, 1960) is described. Chromatic gender dimorphism is also reported for the first time in the Hemilophini. In addition, new records are presented for P. ornator for the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Rondônia and São Paulo, and the Bolivian department of La Paz. The biogeography of P. ornator is analyzed. 

scholarly journals Occurrence of mycobacteria in bovine milk samples from both individual and collective bulk tanks at farms and informal markets in the southeast region of Sao Paulo, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marília Masello Junqueira Franco ◽  
Antonio Carlos Paes ◽  
Márcio Garcia Ribeiro ◽  
José Carlos de Figueiredo Pantoja ◽  
Adolfo Carlos Barreto Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
Southeast Region ◽  
Milk Samples

scholarly journals Disobedient Markets: Street Vendors, Enforcement, and State Intervention in Collective Action

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1524-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calla Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Global Workforce ◽  
Poor Group ◽  
Game Theoretic

At 50% of the global workforce, informal workers constitute a large, diffuse, and resource-poor group with high barriers to collective action. Contrary to scholars’ expectations, informal workers organize to varying degrees in most countries, and states often encourage them to do so. Why do some informal workers organize while others do not? I argue that states can intervene in informal workers’ collective action decisions: As enforcement costs increase, states may pay informal workers to organize, and then bargain with the resulting organization over self-regulation. I present a game theoretic model of state intervention in collective action and illustrate it with original ethnographic, survey, and interview evidence from street markets in La Paz, Bolivia. I suggest that informal workers interact strategically with states and conclude with implications for formalization policies.

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