Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Infecting Grapevine in Southern Spain and Susceptible Reaction to Root-Knot Nematodes of Rootstocks Reported as Moderately Resistant

Incidence and nematode population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes were determined in 64 samples of soil and grapevine roots collected from commercial vineyards in southern Spain between October 2003 and May 2005. In addition, a histopathological study was done of root-stock roots naturally infected by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Nematodes infecting the rootstocks were identified according to conventional procedures, and the Meloidogyne spp. were furthermore identified by sequence characterized amplified region-polymerase chain reaction (SCAR-PCR) and isozyme esterase analyses. The most important plant-parasitic nematodes detected, in order of decreasing frequency of total soil infestation and root infection (percentage of samples), were Mesocriconema xenoplax (34.4%), Meloidogyne incognita (26.6%), Meloidogyne javanica (14.1%), Xiphinema index (12.5%), Xiphinema italiae (10.9%), Pratylenchus vulnus (6.3%), and Meloidogyne arenaria (1.6%). No disease symptoms were observed on aboveground plant parts of the infected grapevines, except for plants in some fields where soil was infested with the virus-vector nematodes X. index and X. italiae. Those grapevines showed a yellow mosaic pattern in leaves early in the growing season and the internode shortening characteristic of infections by Grapevine fanleaf virus. Rootstocks infected by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) showed distorted feeder roots and large- to moderate-sized root galls, present either singly or in clusters. Histopathology of galled roots showed a typical susceptible response to infection by root-knot nematodes: cellular alterations were induced in the cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular system, including giant-cell formation and severe distortion of vascular tissues. Most Meloidogyne egg masses ocurred on the surface of the galled root tissues, a position that could facilitate dispersion of the nematode eggs and juveniles and the occurrence of secondary infections. Some of the grapevine rootstocks surveyed in this study (Paulsen 1103, Richter 110, Rupestris du Lot, and SO4) had previously been reported to be resistant to Meloidogyne spp.; however, the population densities of these nematodes found in soil and roots sampled in the present study, as well as the compatible host-parasite relationship revealed by histopathology, indicate a susceptible response to Meloidogyne spp. from southern Spain.

Download Full-text

Incidence and Population Density of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Olive Planting Stocks at Nurseries in Southern Spain

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2002.86.10.1075 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 86 (10) ◽

pp. 1075-1079 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

A. I. Nico ◽

H. F. Rapoport ◽

R. M. Jiménez-Díaz ◽

P. Castillo

Keyword(s):

Vascular System ◽

Cell Formation ◽

Southern Spain ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Population Densities ◽

Histopathological Studies ◽

Root Tissues ◽

Plant Parasitic

Nematode population densities were determined in 259 soil and root samples collected from 18 olive nurseries in Córdoba, Jaén, and Sevilla provinces (southern Spain), between October 1997 and May 1998. The most important plant-parasitic nematodes detected, in order of decreasing frequency of infestation (percentage of samples), were Mesocriconema xenoplax (39.0%), Pratylenchus penetrans (32.1%), P. vulnus (25.9%), Meloidogyne incognita (14.7%), M. javanica (11.2%), and M. arenaria (2.7%). No disease symptoms were noted on aboveground organs of infected plants. However, population densities of Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne spp. were at potentially damaging levels in most of the olive nurseries surveyed. Histopathological studies of galled roots from the naturally infected olive planting stocks showed a susceptible response to root-knot nematode infection. Large numbers of egg masses were present within the galled root tissues that might contribute to secondary infections. Feeding by root-knot nematodes induced the expected cellular alterations in the cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular system, including giant-cell formation and the alteration of vascular tissues.

Download Full-text

Frequencies and population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes on banana (Musa AAA) plantations in Ecuador from 2008 to 2014

Agronomía Colombiana ◽

10.15446/agron.colomb.v34n1.53915 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 61-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Orlando Aguirre ◽

César Chávez ◽

Alejandro Giraud ◽

Mario Araya

Keyword(s):

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Radopholus Similis ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Absolute Frequency ◽

Santo Domingo ◽

Economic Threshold ◽

Population Densities ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Mesh Sieve ◽

Plant Parasitic

An analysis of the plant-parasitic nematodes found on the banana (Musa AAA) plantations in the provinces of Cañar, El Oro, Guayas, Los Rios and Santo Domingo of Ecuador from 2008 to 2014 was carried out. The nematode extraction was done from 25 g of fresh roots that were macerated in a blender and from which nematodes were recovered in a 0.025 mm (No 500) mesh sieve. The data were subjected to frequency analysis in PC-SAS and the absolute frequency was calculated for each individual genus. Four plant parasitic nematodes were detected and, based on their frequencies and population densities, the nematode genera in decreasing order was: Radopholus similis > Helicotylenchus spp. > Meloidogyne spp. > Pratylenchus spp. Radopholus similis was the most abundant nematode, accounting for 49 to 66% of the overall root population, followed by Helicotylenchus spp. with 29 to 45% of the population through- out the different analyzed years. From a total of 13,773 root samples, 96% contained R. similis, 91% Helicotylenchus spp., 35% Meloidogyne spp., and 25% Pratylenchus spp. and, when all of the nematodes that were present were pooled (total nematodes), 99.9% of the samples had nematodes. A large number of samples with a nematode population above the economic threshold suggested by Agrocalidad, INIAP and Anemagro (2,500-3,000 nematodes/100 g of roots) was observed in all of the years, the months and the five sampled provinces. The statistical differences (P<0.0001) detected for the nematode frequencies among the years, months and provinces, more than likely, were associated with the high number of samples included in each year, month and province because the variations in the frequencies for each nematode genus were small.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Nematicidal Activity of Fluensulfone against Non-Target Free-Living Nematodes under Field Conditions

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9120853 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 853 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kawanobe ◽

Toyota ◽

Fujita ◽

Hatta

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Nematicidal Activity ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Free Living ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Free Living Nematode ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Plant Parasitic ◽

Nematode Fauna

The use of nematicides with reduced toxic side-effects against non-target free-living nematodes is a favorable option for farmers to control plant-parasitic nematodes. The nematicide fluensulfone was registered in several countries for the control of the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. among other plant-parasitic nematodes. This study aimed to evaluate the nematicidal activity of fluensulfone against non-target nematode fauna in four field experiments, each under different conditions (soils types and plant hosts). Nematodes extracted from soil samples were classified and counted based on their morphological characters. Fluensulfone significantly reduced damage caused by root-knot nematodes to tomato and sweet potato plants, while overall non-target free-living nematode population densities were maintained at the same level as those in control. Different diversity indices (e.g., Shannon-Wiener H’, Simpson’s D, species richness, evenness J’, maturity indices) and principal component analyses in the four experiments showed that fluensulfone treatment kept a similar diversity level of non-target free-living nematode fauna to that of the non-treated control. The results suggested that fluensulfone may have minimal impact to free-living nematode fauna in both population density and diversity when the nematicide was applied to control Meloidogyne spp.

Download Full-text

Nematodes Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Crops in India

10.5772/intechopen.98850 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amar Bahadur

Keyword(s):

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Lesion Nematodes ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Root Tissues ◽

Plant Parasitic ◽

Stem And Bulb Nematode

Nematodes are the most plentiful animals on earth, commonly found in soil or water, including oceans. Some species of nematodes are parasites of plants and animals. Plant-parasitic nematodes are non-segmented microscopic, eel-like round worms, obligate parasite possess stylets that live in soil causing damage to plants by feeding on roots or plant tissues. Plant-parasitic nematodes feed on roots, either within the root, some nematodes feed leaves. These nematodes cause breakdown of resistance to fungal diseases in fruit crops. Plant-parasitic nematodes living host tissue to feed on to grow and reproduce. Nematode life cycle consists of an egg, 4 pre-adult stages (juveniles) and an adult, life cycle depending on the species and the temperature. Nematodes do not move long distances (less than 6 inches per year). They are usually transported over long distances on machinery, in nursery stock, transplants, seeds, or by animals, moves soil, water and wind. They acquire nutrients from plant tissues by needle-like feeding structure (stylet/spear). Nematodes can be classified into three groups depending on feed on the plants such as ectoparasitic nematodes are always remaining outside the plant root tissues. Migratory endoparasitic nematodes move through root tissues sedentary endoparasitic nematodes penetrate young roots at or near the growing tip. They steal nutrients, disrupt water and mineral transport, and provide excellent sites for secondary pathogens (fungus and bactria) to invade the roots and decay. Several nematode species that cause problems in fruit orchards that are major limiting factors in fruit crop production cause extensive root necrosis resulting in serious economic losses. The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) and citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipentrans) are the major nematode pests that infect fruit crops. Parasitic nematodes that can damage tree fruit roots. Many kinds of nematodes have been reported in and around the roots of various fruit crops, only few are cause serious damage, including Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), Lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus species), Ring nematodes (Mesocriconema spp) are cigar-shaped that are strictly ectoparasitic, Dagger nematodes (Xiphinema spp) are relatively large ectoparasites that feed near root tips, Sting nematodes (Belonolaimus species) are ectoparasitic, Citrus nematodes (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) are sedentary semi-endoparasites. Nematodes reduce yield without the production of any noticeable above ground symptoms. Typical above ground symptoms of nematode infections stunting, yellowing and wilting. Major nematodes associated in large number of vegetables crops in India such as root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.), lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus sp.), reniform nematodes (Rotylenchulus sp.) lance nematodes (Hoplolaimus spp.), stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus spp.) etc. Root-knot nematodes are important pests of vegetables belonging to solanaceous (brinjal, tomato, chili), cucurbitaceous (biter ground, cucumber, pumpkin, bottle gourd) leguminous (cowpea, bean, pea), cruciferous cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, brussels, sprout), okra and several other root and bulb crops (onion, garlic, lettuce, celery, carrot, radish). Four species (M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria and M. hapla) are more than 95% of the root-knot nematode population worldwide distribution. Stem and Bulb nematode (Ditylenchus spp.) commonly attacks onion, garlic, potato, pea and carrot etc. The nematodes spread from one area to another mainly through infested planting materials, water drains from infested areas into irrigation system, soil that adheres to implements, tyres of motor vehicles and shoes of plantation workers. Management recommendation through bio-pesticides, cultural practices, enrichment of FYM, Neem cake and other organic amendments.

Download Full-text

Nematode Management in the Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9050252 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 252 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Miguel Talavera ◽

Luis Miranda ◽

José Antonio Gómez-Mora ◽

María Dolores Vela ◽

Soledad Verdejo-Lucas

Keyword(s):

Tolerance Limit ◽

Southern Spain ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Soil Nematode ◽

Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Population Densities ◽

The Impact ◽

Plant Parasitic ◽

Strawberry Cultivars

(1) Background: Spain is the sixth strawberry producer in the world, with about 6500 ha producing more than 350,000 tons, and an annual commercial value about 390 million €. Stunted and dead strawberry plants are frequently associated with plant-parasitic nematodes, but nematode diseases have not been characterized to date in the country. (2) Methods: A poll on the perception of the impact of nematodes on strawberry production was carried out by face-to-face interviews with farm advisors. In addition, nematological field surveys were carried out at the end of the growing season in 2017 and 2018 to determine prevalence and abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes in strawberry crops. The host suitability to Meloidogyne hapla of seventeen strawberry cultivars and the tolerance limit to M. hapla at progressively higher initial population densities (Pi) were assessed in pot experiments in a growth chamber. Comparison of the relative efficacies of several soil disinfestation methods in controlling nematode populations (M. hapla and Pratylenchus penetrans) was carried out in experimental field trials for twelve consecutive years. (3) Results: Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus penetrans, and Hemicycliophora spp. were the main plant-parasitic nematodes in the strawberry fields in South Spain. Root-knot nematodes were found in 90% of the fields, being M. hapla the most prevalent species (71% of the fields). A tolerance limit of 0.2 M. hapla juveniles per g of soil was estimated for strawberry, and currently cropped strawberry cultivars did not show resistance to M. hapla. Nematode population densities were reduced by more than 70% by soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene, dazomet, dimethyl-disulfide, and methyl iodide. The efficacy of metam-sodium in reducing nematode populations was about 50% and that of chloropicrin, furfural, and sodium-azide, less than 40%. Combination of solarization with organic manures (biosolarization) reduced soil nematode populations by 68–73%. (4) Conclusions: Plant-parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, and Hemicycliophora) are widely distributed in the strawberry fields of Southern Spain. Strawberry is a poor host for M. hapla with a tolerance limit of 0.2 J2 per g of soil, and low population increases in cropping cycles of 7–8 months. Strawberry cultivars show a range of susceptibility and tolerance to M. hapla, but no resistance is found. Nematodes are effectively controlled by chemical fumigation of soils, but soil biosolarization is equally effective, and therefore, can be proposed as a sustainable alternative for pathogen control in strawberry cultivation.

Download Full-text

Grass Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne graminis Whitehead, 1968 (Nematode: Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae)

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-in1231-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (2) ◽

Author(s):

William T. Crow

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Widespread Species ◽

Tropical Crops ◽

Grass Root ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Plant Parasitic

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are the most important plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, with most temperate and tropical crops suffering yield losses from one or more species of Meloidogyne. Root-knot nematodes are the most widely recognized plant-parasitic nematodes because the characteristic galls or knots they cause on plant roots are easily observed symptoms for diagnosis. Meloidogyne graminis is damaging to many turf and forage grasses. Due to the prevalence of this nematode on grasses, and the prevalence of grasses compared to other crops in the state, it is likely the most widespread species of root-knot nematode in Florida. It is of increasing concern due to the rising importance of turfgrasses in the Florida economy, the susceptibility of grasses to this nematode, and implementation of new diagnostic techniques that have brought to light the damaging potential of this nematode. This document is also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1231

Download Full-text

The role of plant-parasitic nematodes in reducing yield of sugarcane in fine-textured soils in Queensland, Australia

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea05287 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 620 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

B. L. Blair ◽

G. R. Stirling

Keyword(s):

Growth And Yield ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Population Densities ◽

Lesion Nematode ◽

Yield Responses ◽

The Impact ◽

Stalk Length ◽

Plant Parasitic

Damage to sugarcane caused by root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is well documented in infertile coarse-textured soils, but crop losses have never been assessed in the fine-textured soils on which more than 95% of Australia’s sugarcane is grown. The impact of nematodes in these more fertile soils was assessed by repeatedly applying nematicides (aldicarb and fenamiphos) to plant and ratoon crops in 16 fields, and measuring their effects on nematode populations, sugarcane growth and yield. In untreated plant crops, mid-season population densities of lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae), root-knot nematode (M. javanica), stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus annulatus), spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus dihystera) and stubby-root nematode (Paratrichodorus minor) averaged 1065, 214, 535, 217 and 103 nematodes/200 mL soil, respectively. Lower mean nematode population densities were recorded in the first ratoon, particularly for root-knot nematode. Nematicides reduced populations of lesion nematode by 66–99% in both plant and ratoon crops, but control of root-knot nematode was inconsistent, particularly in ratoons. Nematicide treatment had a greater impact on shoot and stalk length than on shoot and stalk number. The entire community of pest nematodes appeared to be contributing to lost productivity, but stalk length and final yield responses correlated most consistently with the number of lesion nematodes controlled. Fine roots in nematicide-treated plots were healthier and more numerous than in untreated plots, and this was indicative of the reduced impact of lesion nematode. Yield responses averaged 15.3% in plant crops and 11.6% in ratoons, indicating that nematodes are subtle but significant pests of sugarcane in fine-textured soils. On the basis of these results, plant-parasitic nematodes are conservatively estimated to cost the Australian sugar industry about AU$82 million/annum.

Download Full-text

Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) for Nematode Management

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-ng045-2007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2007 (19) ◽

Author(s):

R. Krueger ◽

K. E. Dover ◽

Robert McSorley ◽

K. H. Wang

Keyword(s):

Mode Of Action ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Fact Sheet ◽

Nematode Management ◽

Plant Parasitic

ENY-056, an 8-page fact sheet by R. Krueger, K. E. Dover, R. McSorley, and K. -H. Wang, introduces homeowners to the problem of root-knot nematodes, the use of marigolds as an allelopathic cover crop for nematode suppression. It describes the mode of action, planting tips, considerations, and frequently asked questions. Includes references and tables showing susceptibility of marigold varieties to root-knot and plant-parasitic nematodes in Florida. Published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, August 2007. ENY-056/NG045: Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) for Nematode Management (ufl.edu)

Download Full-text

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in South Australian vineyards

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9760588 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 16 (81) ◽

pp. 588 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

GR Stirling

Keyword(s):

Sandy Soil ◽

Parasitic Nematode ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Wide Spread ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Tylenchulus Semipenetrans ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Citrus Nematode ◽

Almost All ◽

Plant Parasitic

Vineyards in all five of South Australia's grapegrowing districts were surveyed for plant parasitic nematodes. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) occurrcd in four districts, and were present in almost all vineyards with sandy soil in the Riverland, Barossa Valley and Central districts. Four species (M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita and M. javanica) were identified. Citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) was wide-spread in Riverland vineyards, and isolated infestations were found in other districts. Other plant parasitic nematode genera found during the survey were Helicotylenchus, Macroposthonia, Paratrichodorus, Paratylenchus, Prat ylenchus, Tylenchorh ynchus and Xiphinema.

Download Full-text

Plant parasitic nematode communities associated with the crop banana (Musa spp.) at Attappady Tribal hill area, India

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb12310770 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 608-618

Author(s):

Ashfak A. ODALA ◽

Rasmi A. RAMANATHAN ◽

Usman ARERATH

Keyword(s):

Biosphere Reserve ◽

Musa Acuminata ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Musa Spp ◽

Musa Paradisiaca ◽

Hill Area ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve ◽

Plant Parasitic

Attappady is a region of immense biological importance comes under the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve area of India at Palakkad district. Biodiversity study of this hill area has great importance in conservative science. Except a national range study for nematode fauna of banana (Musa spp.) in Indian banana fields, a detailed survey of this agriculturally and environmentally important area has not reported till now. The diversity analysis of plant parasitic nematodes was done with samples taken from rhizosphere soil and roots of banana at this area. Comparing with the reported nationwide study the present study newly reported the presence of Aphelenchus spp., Dorylaimoides spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Rotylenchulus spp., Tylenchorynchus spp. and Tylenchus spp. from the crop banana other than the already reported one’s such as Helicotylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp. and Radopholus spp. The analysis of nematode genera in different banana cultivars such as Musa × paradisiaca L. (AAB) ‘Nendran’, Musa acuminata Colla (AAA) ‘Robusta’, Musa acuminata Colla (AA) ‘Kadali’ and Musa × paradisiaca L. (Mysore AAB) ‘Poovan’ revealed differences in the reaction to attack between genotypes, and that the cultivar ‘Nendran’ was the most susceptible one to plant parasitic nematodes.

Download Full-text