scholarly journals Lilac Witches'-Broom in North Dakota

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 1404-1404
Author(s):  
J. A. Walla ◽  
Y. H. Guo
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Multiple Shoots ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Common Lilac ◽  
Positive Roots

Lilac witches'-broom (LWB), caused by the ash yellows (AshY) phytoplasma, was identified in common lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.) in Cass and Ransom counties in southeast North Dakota in 1997 and 1998. The infected plants were immature, naturally regenerating lilac in the understory of three 57- and 58-year-old Prairie States Forestry Project windbreaks that have lilac as a planted component. In late summer and early fall of 1997, the terminal ends of hardened-off, current-season shoots on more than 100 immature plants were dead, and two to three succulent, late-season shoots were present just below the dead tips. Succulent shoots collected from one such plant in each of two of the windbreaks (both in Ransom Co.) were positive for the AshY phytoplasma, using immunofluorescence (IF) with an AshY phytoplasma-specific monoclonal antibody (1). One of those shoots was also positive with a universal phytoplasma-specific primer pair (R16F2/R2) (2) in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Succulent shoots from a plant in the third windbreak (in Cass Co.) were IF negative. In late spring of 1998, more than 100 young plants in two of the same windbreaks (one each in Cass and Ransom counties) had abnormal shoot growth, including combinations of yellow, distorted leaves, multiple shoots, and twig dieback. A shoot from one of two plants sampled in the Ransom Co. windbreak was IF positive. Roots from two of four plants sampled in the Cass Co. windbreak were IF positive, while the other root samples and shoot samples from the same four plants were IF negative. A shoot from one of the IF positive plants was positive for phytoplasmas in a PCR. Witches'-brooms were not observed in the planted lilacs. This is the first report of LWB in North Dakota and in the Great Plains region of North America. While the AshY phytoplasma is known in green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) in the Great Plains, this report documents substantial extension of the known range of LWB westward from Wisconsin (3). Lilac is a very important shrub in both rural and urban plantings in the northern Great Plains and is the most commonly planted shrub in North Dakota. With this report, LWB should be considered among the possible damaging agents in lilac in this region. References: (1) Y. H. Guo and T. A. Chen. Phytopathology 83:243, 1993. (2) I.-M. Lee et al. Phytopathology 83:834, 1993. (3) W. A. Sinclair et al. Plant Dis. 80:468, 1996.

An economic comparison of alternative and traditional cropping systems in the northern Great Plains, USA

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. DeVuyst ◽  
Thomas Foissey ◽  
George O. Kegode
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Government Program ◽  
Current Production ◽  
Commodity Programs

AbstractCurrent production practices in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota involve use of extensive tillage and/or herbicides to control weeds. Given the erosion potential, environmental concerns associated with herbicides, and herbicide-resistant weeds, alternative cropping systems that mitigate these problems need to be assessed economically. Furthermore, the role that government commodity programs play in the adoption of more ecologically friendly cropping systems needs to be determined. We evaluated 8 years of yield data (1994–2001) from field plots near Fargo, North Dakota, to compare the economics of two alternative cropping systems, reduced-input (RI) and no-till (NT), to a conventional tillage (CT) cropping system. The RI system relies on a more diverse rotation of soybean (SB), spring wheat (SW), sweet clover (SC) and rye, and uses fewer herbicide and fertilizer inputs than CT or NT. Both NT and CT systems rotate SB and SW. We found that CT returns averaged over $47 ha−1more than NT during the study period. Because SC yield data were not available, the economic competitiveness of RI was calculated using break-even yields and returns for SC. Historical SC yields in Cass County, North Dakota were not statistically different from the break-even yields. However, when government program payments were considered, break-even returns for SC increased by about $15 and $18 ha−1and break-even yields by 0.44 and 0.52 MT ha−1for RI to compare with NT and CT, respectively. These results indicate that CT management offers greater economic return than either RI or NT and that government program payments impede adoption of more environmentally friendly cropping systems in the northern Great Plains.

scholarly journals Utilizing Pruning and Leaf Removal to Optimize Ripening of Vitis riparia-Based ‘Frontenac Gris’ and ‘Marquette’ Wine Grapes in the Northern Great Plains

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Aipperspach ◽  
James Hammond ◽  
Harlene Hatterman-Valenti
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Wine Grapes ◽  
Production Region

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of three pruning levels (20, 30 and 40 nodes per vine) and three fruit-zone leaf removal levels (0%, 50%, and 100%) on the yield and fruit quality of Frontenac gris and Marquette wine grapes in a northern production region. The study was conducted at three North Dakota vineyards located near Buffalo, Clifford, and Wahpeton, North Dakota, in 2011 and 2012. Increasing the number of buds retained increased yields and reduced pruning weights in both cultivars. Frontenac gris and Marquette yields were greatest when vines had 50% of the fruit-zone leaves removed due to heavier clusters, suggesting that the 100% fruit-zone leaf removal level was too severe. Individual berries in clusters were also heavier when vines were pruned to retain 40 buds. Frontenac gris fruit quality was similar both years and was not influenced by pruning or leaf removal levels. Marquette fruit total soluble solids content was greater in 2012 due to the warmer and longer growing season. Marquette fruit titratable acidity was lower when 100% of the fruit-zone leaves were removed. These results suggest that for the two cold-hardy hybrid wine grapes used in this study, greater bud retention levels should be investigated. Results also warrant further research into cultivar adaptiveness to northern Great Plains conditions. With further research, it is anticipated that wine grape cultivars and management practices will be identified to produce acceptable yields and fruit quality for commercial wine grape production.

scholarly journals Pygmy Shrew (Sorex hoyi) in Montana east of the Rocky Mountains with comments on its distribution across the northern Great Plains

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Paul Hendricks ◽  
Susan Lenard
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Missouri River ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Prairie Pothole ◽  
The North ◽  
Pygmy Shrew ◽  
River Bottom

Range maps for Pygmy Shrew (Sorex hoyi) show a large hiatus over much of the northern Great Plains between the Rocky Mountains and eastern North Dakota. We report a new record of the Pygmy Shrew in northeastern Montana, review previous records for the state and adjacent regions bordering Montana to the north and east, and suggest that the range boundary in the northern Great Plains be redrawn farther south to include all of Montana north of the Missouri River. This is consistent with the known range of the Pygmy Shrew in eastern North Dakota and South Dakota, where the species has been documented only north and east of the Missouri River, although records are still lacking from north of the Missouri River in northwestern North Dakota and adjacent regions of Canada. Pygmy Shrews will probably be found at additional localities in prairie regions of Canada adjacent to Montana, most likely in association with prairie pothole wetlands, river bottom riparian vegetation, and hardwood draws.

Relative Costs of a Weed-Activated Versus Conventional Sprayer in Northern Great Plains Fallow

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Ahrens
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Free Labor ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Green Vegetation ◽  
Spray Volume

Detectspray™ weed-activated sprayer (WAS) technology enables individual nozzles on a sprayer to turn on and off in response to the presence of green vegetation. WAS operated full season at two fallow sites in North Dakota reduced POST herbicide requirement 47 to 88%. Full-season WAS applied as needed at West Fargo reduced cost to the farmer by only 13% compared with broadcast application with a farmer-owned sprayer and assuming free labor. Winds of 8 to 16 km/h apparently moved spray off target, thereby necessitating retreatment and increasing the relative costs of WAS at Fargo. The percentage of sample quadrats having greater than 3% vegetative cover correlated positively (r = 0.78 to 0.80) with percentage reduction in spray volume achieved by WAS.

scholarly journals Quality Evaluation of Flaxseed for Food Use Specifications

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuradha Vegi ◽  
Charlene E. Wolf-Hall ◽  
Clifford A Hall III
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
E Coli ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Plate Counts

A Northern Great Plains regional survey of microbiological loads in flaxseed was completed for years 2008 and 2009. Effects of cleaning flaxseed on microbial loads including aerobic plate counts (APCs), mold counts (MCs) yeast counts (YCs), coliform counts (CCs), Escherichia coli counts, and Enterobacteriaceae counts (ECs) were determined. Chemical analyses including oil and linolenic acid -ALA indicated that all flaxseed had near normal oil content. This was the first reported survey for flaxseed. The pre-cleaned flaxseed had an average of 5.7 ± 0.1, 4.1 ± 0.2, 4.5 ± 0.2, 3.6 ± 0.1, and 3.0 ± 0.1 log colony forming units (CFU) g-1 of APC, CC, EC, YC and MC respectively. All counts were higher than those for cleaned seed. No E. coli was detected. The North Dakota-West (ND-W) region flaxseed had higher MC when compared to Canada, ND-North East (ND-NE) and ND-South East (ND-SE) region flaxseed. For APC, the counts were higher in flaxseed from Canada when compared to North Dakota. Cleaning the flaxseed should be considered an important step in reducing the microbial counts and also for maintaining high quality flaxseed. 

Distinguishing adults of Bracon cephi and Bracon lissogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Runyon ◽  
R.L. Hurley ◽  
W.L. Morrill ◽  
D.K. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus

The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), has been the most economically important insect pest of wheat in the northern Great Plains since cultivation began (Weiss and Morrill 1992). The wheat stem sawfly was first reported from wild grasses where populations were often highly parasitized by a number of parasitoids, including Bracon (= Microbracon) cephi (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Criddle 1923; Ainslie 1929). A similar species, Bracon lissogaster Muesebeck, was later reported to also attack C. cinctus larvae (Muesebeck 1953; Somsen and Luginbill 1956). These parasitoids are now prevalent in wheat in some regions of Montana (Morrill et al. 1994, 1998; Morrill 1997). The life histories and phenologies of these sympatric idiobiont ectoparasitoids are similar. The ability to distinguish B. cephi from B. lissogaster is essential in elucidating their effects on populations of C. cinctus. We examined 159 females and 123 males of B. cephi from Chouteau, Hill, Stillwater, Teton, and Toole counties in Montana; Burke, Burleigh, Rolette, and Williams counties in North Dakota; Rock County in Minnesota; and southem Alberta (Rockyford and Consort). The 254 females and 215 males of B. lissogaster examined were from Chouteau, Hill, Teton, and Toole counties in Montana. Holotypes were compared to verify identifications.

Long-term agroecosystem research on northern Great Plains mixed-grass prairie near Mandan, North Dakota

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1101-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Sanderson ◽  
M. A. Liebig ◽  
J. R. Hendrickson ◽  
S. L. Kronberg ◽  
D. Toledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Mixed Grass Prairie ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
Livestock Productivity

Sanderson, M. A., Liebig, M. A., Hendrickson, J. R., Kronberg, S. L., Toledo, D., Derner, J. D. and Reeves, J. L. 2015. Long-term agroecosystem research on northern Great Plains mixed-grass prairie near Mandan, North Dakota. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1101–1116. In 1915, a stocking rate experiment was started on 101 ha of native mixed-grass prairie at the Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory (NGPRL) near Mandan, ND (100.9132N, 46.7710W). Here, we document the origin, evolution, and scientific outcomes from this long-term experiment. Four pastures of 12.1, 20.2, 28.3, and 40.5 ha were laid out and stocked continuously from May until October with 2-yr-old or yearling beef steers at four rates [initially 0.98, 1.39, 1.83, and 2.4 animal unit months ha−1]. The experiment generated some of the first information on the resilience of mixed-grass prairie to grazing and drought and relationships of livestock productivity to soil moisture for predictive purposes. After 1945, the experiment was reduced to the light and heavy stocking rate pastures only, which have been managed and grazed in approximately the same manner to the present day. The pastures were used to assess responses of vegetation to fertilizer in the 1950s and 1960s, develop grazing readiness tools in the 1990s, and assess remote sensing technologies in the 2000s. The long-term pastures currently serve as a unique resource to address contemporary questions dealing with drought, soil quality, carbon dynamics, greenhouse gas emissions, invasive species, and climate change.

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