scholarly journals Characterization of Sphaeropsis sapinea Isolates from South Africa, Mexico, and Indonesia

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juanita de Wet ◽  
Michael J. Wingfield ◽  
Teresa A. Coutinho ◽  
Brenda D. Wingfield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Rapd Marker ◽  
Its Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sphaeropsis Sapinea

Post-hail-associated dieback of Pinus patula and P. radiata trees, induced by Sphaeropsis sapinea (=Diplodia pinea), is a common and important disease in commercial pine plantations. Two morphotypes, A and B, have been described for this fungus based on differences in cultural characteristics, conidial morphology, and virulence among isolates from the north central United States. The existence of the two described morphotypes was later verified through the use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses, and the morphotypes were designated as the A and B RAPD marker groups. The objective of this study was to characterize a set of S. sapinea isolates from South Africa, Indonesia, and Mexico using RAPD analysis and DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA operon. Sizes of conidia and culture morphology were, furthermore, used to compare the three groups of S. sapinea isolates that emerged from the RAPD analysis. Two of the RAPD groups included isolates from the United States, representing the A and B morphotypes, while the third RAPD group accommodated Indonesian and one Mexican isolate. ITS sequences of all the S. sapinea isolates were highly homologous and resolved only the A and B RAPD groups. The ITS sequences of the isolates in the third RAPD group were the same as those of the A RAPD group. Conidia of isolates representing the A and B morphotypes were approximately the same size, but those of the third RAPD group were significantly longer. RAPD analysis enabled us to identify a third group of S. sapinea that is different from the well-recognized A and B groups. Isolates in this third RAPD group also have a distinct morphological characteristic and thus represent a third discrete morphological group, which we refer to as the C morphotype of S. sapinea.

scholarly journals Worldwide Phylogeography of the Citrus Brown Spot Pathogen, Alternaria alternata

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 794-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Peever ◽  
A. Ibañez ◽  
K. Akimitsu ◽  
L. W. Timmer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions

Sixty-five isolates of Alternaria alternata were sampled from brown spot lesions on tangerines and mandarins (Citrus reticulata) and tangerine × grapefruit (C. reticulata × C. paradisi) hybrids in the United States, Colombia, Australia, Turkey, South Africa, and Israel to investigate the worldwide phylogeography of the fungus. Genetic variation was scored at 15 putative random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci and 465 bp of an endo-polygalacturonase (endo-PG) gene was sequenced for each isolate. Cluster analysis of RAPD genotypes revealed significant differentiation between United State and Colombia isolates and Turkey, South Africa, Israel, and Australia isolates. Sequencing of endo-PG revealed 21 variable sites when the outgroup A. gaisen (AK-toxin-producing pathogen of Japanese pear) was included and 13 variable sites among the sampled isolates. Nucleotide substitutions at 10 of 13 variable sites represented silent mutations when endo-PG was translated in frame. Eight distinct endo-PG haplotypes were found among the sampled isolates and estimation of a phylogeny with endo-PG sequence data revealed three clades, each with strong bootstrap support. The most basal clade (clade 1) was inferred based on its similarity to the outgroup A. gaisen and consisted exclusively of pathogenic isolates from the United States and Colombia. Clade 2 consisted of pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates from the United States, Australia, South Africa, and Israel and clade 3 contained pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates from Australia, South Africa, Israel, and Turkey. Quantitative estimates of virulence (disease incidence) were obtained for isolates from the United States, Colombia, South Africa, Israel, and Turkey by spray inoculating detached citrus leaves and counting the number of lesions 24 h after inoculation. Large differences in virulence were detected among isolates within each location and isolates from the United States were significantly more virulent than isolates from other locations. Several isolates from Colombia, South Africa, Israel, and Turkey had low virulence and 8% of all isolates were nonpathogenic. All but one of the nonpathogenic isolates were found in clade 2 of the endo-PG phylogeny, which also included the most highly virulent isolates sampled.

scholarly journals Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers for Cultivar Identification in Mint

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Fenwick ◽  
S.M. Ward
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Cultivar Identification ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
The United States ◽  
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Commercial Oil

Seventeen mint accessions representing the three species grown for commercial oil production in the United States were characterized using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The RAPD profiles readily identified the different Mentha species; calculation of genetic distance, based on the number of shared bands, indicated that M. spicata L. is more closely related to M. × gracilis than to M. × piperita. The RAPD profiles also distinguished among eight peppermint accessions of different geographical origin. However, only limited polymorphism was observed among the most widely grown peppermint and Scotch spearmint cultivars. These results indicate a potential lack of genetic diversity in mint cultivars grown for oil in the United States.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Ascochyta rabiei in Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Chongo ◽  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
L. Buchwaldt ◽  
T. Adhikari ◽  
S. R. Rimmer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ascochyta Rabiei ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Weak Association ◽  
Significant Line

Assessment of variability of Ascochyta rabiei (teleomorph: Didymella rabiei) was based on virulence tests of 40 isolates and on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of 39 isolates from Canada. In addition, isolates of A. rabiei from other countries were assessed in the virulence (18 isolates) and RAPD (20 isolates) analyses. Seven isolates of A. lentis (teleo-morph: Didymella lentis) and two of A. pinodes (teleomorph: Mycosphaerella pinodes) also were included in the RAPD analysis. Significant line-isolate interactions in the virulence tests indicated that certain isolates were virulent only on certain lines. Canadian isolates were grouped into 14 pathotypes using eight chickpea differentials. These groupings also encompassed 17 of the 18 isolates from other countries. RAPD analysis of all 68 isolates using 8 primers produced 112 fragments, of which 96% were polymorphic. Similarities among A. rabiei isolates from Canada ranged from 20 to 100%. In the RAPD dendrogram, all five A. rabiei isolates from Australia, three of six from Syria, three of five from the United States, and one of two from India clustered within the major groups of Canadian isolates. There was a weak association between RAPD and pathotype groups. A. rabiei was 45% similar to A. lentis and only 14% similar to A. pinodes. The levels of DNA variability and virulence among isolates show that the population of A. rabiei in Canada is highly diverse.

Three new species of Tricholoma from Costa Rica

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 392 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLARK L. OVREBO ◽  
KAREN W. HUGHES ◽  
ROY E. HALLING
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Species ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
The United States ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Three New Species

Three new species of Tricholoma are described from Costa Rican montane forests with additional collections cited from the United States. The new species are Tricholoma felschii sp. nov., Tricholoma costaricense sp. nov. and Tricholoma atratum sp. nov. A discussion of Tricholoma luteomaculosum is also included. These taxa share morphological features of strong farinaceous odor and taste, pseudoparenchymatous pileal subcutis, and rugulose pileus at some stage of development. In addition, cheilocystidia occur in two of the taxa but not the third. Phylogenies are presented based on ITS sequences.

International Whaling Commission

1951 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 854-854
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
States Department ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
International Whaling Commission ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rules Of Procedure

On July 19, the United States Department of State announced that the International Whaling Commission would convene at Capetown, South Africa, for its third annual meeting on July 23, 1951. The third meeting was to be concerned with such matters as possible amendments of the schedule of regulations controlling whaling; action taken by member governments to promulgate certain laws and regulations concerning whaling, in conformity with the provisions of the 1946 convention; the method of reporting infractions of the regulations and the penalities for such infractions; the status of ratification and adherence of several countries to the convention; possible amendments to the rules of procedure; and administrative and budgetary matters.

Part III The Limitations and Role of the Persistent Objector Rule, 7 Peremptory Norms and Persistent Objection

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Green James A
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Third ◽  
State Practice ◽  
Peremptory Norm ◽  
Jus Cogens ◽  
Peremptory Norms

This chapter opens the third part of this book. The text here turns to the limitations and role of the persistent objector rule. This chapter begins by examining the commonly advanced contention that the ‘escape hatch’ provided by the persistent objector rule cannot be ‘opened’ in relation to jus cogens norms. A significant majority of scholars have expressed the view that a state cannot exempt itself from a peremptory norm through persistent objection, even when the usual criteria for the rule's operation. The chapter assesses the majority view. Section I sets out what peremptory norms are how they come into being. The chapter then briefly clarifies that the question is not whether a state can gain exemption to a jus cogens norm but whether its pre-existing exempt status ‘decays’, or is superseded by the norm to which it had been a persistent objector becoming peremptory. The chapter then turns to the rationale underpinning the majority claim. It considers the two regularly referenced examples from state practice relating to persistent objection and jus cogens norms: the policy of apartheid in South Africa and Rhodesia and the objections of the United States to the juvenile death penalty. Towards the end, the chapter considers the possibility of persistent objection to the very concept of peremptory norms.

Alexander Hamilton and the Early Republic in Edwardian Imperial Thought

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alexander Hamilton ◽  
George Washington ◽  
American Federation ◽  
Treaty Of Versailles ◽  
The Federalist ◽  
The Federalist Papers

In the first decade of the twentieth century, a rising generation of British colonial administrators profoundly altered British usage of American history in imperial debates. In the process, they influenced both South African history and wider British imperial thought. Prior usage of the Revolution and Early Republic in such debates focused on the United States as a cautionary tale, warning against future ‘lost colonies’. Aided by the publication of F. S. Oliver's Alexander Hamilton (1906), administrators in South Africa used the figures of Hamilton and George Washington, the Federalist Papers, and the drafting of the Constitution as an Anglo-exceptionalist model of (modern) self-government. In doing so they applied the lessons of the Early Republic to South Africa, thereby contributing to the formation of the Union of 1910. They then brought their reconception of the United States, and their belief in the need for ‘imperial federation’, back to the metropole. There they fostered growing diplomatic ties with the US while recasting British political history in-light-of the example of American federation. This process of inter-imperial exchange culminated shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles when the Boer Generals Botha and Smuts were publicly presented as Washington and Hamilton reborn.

Educational Entrepreneurs in Tamil Nadu - A Profile

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siluvai Raja
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Education System ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World

Education has been considered as an indispensable asset of every individual, community and nation today. Indias higher education system is the third largest in the world, after China and the United States (World Bank). Tamil Nadu occupies the first place in terms of possession of higher educational institutions in the private sector in the country with over 46 percent(27) universities, 94 percent(464) professional colleges and 65 percent(383) arts and science colleges(2011). Studies to understand the profile of the entrepreneurs providing higher education either in India or Tamil Nadu were hardly available. This paper attempts to map the demographic profile of the entrepreneurs providing higher education in Arts and Science colleges in Tamil Nadu through an empirical analysis, carried out among 25 entrepreneurs spread across the state. This paper presents a summary of major inferences of the analysis.

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