scholarly journals Transmission Efficiency of Papaya ringspot virus by Three Aphid Species

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Kalleshwaraswamy ◽  
N. K. Krishna Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Disk ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Papaya Ringspot Virus ◽  
Access Period ◽  
Virus Retention ◽  
Aphid Inoculation

The transmission efficiency of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) by three aphid vectors (i.e., Aphis gossypii, A. craccivora, and Myzus persicae) was studied. Efficiency was measured by single-aphid inoculation, group inoculation (using five aphids), duration of virus retention, and the number of plants following a single acquisition access period (AAP) to which the aphids could successfully transmit the virus. Single-aphid inoculation studies indicated that M. persicae (56%) and A. gossypii (53%) were significantly more efficient in transmitting PRSV than A. craccivora (38%). Further, in the former two species, the time required for initiation of the first probe on the inoculation test plant was significantly shorter compared to A. craccivora. PRSV transmission efficiency was 100% in all three species when a group of five aphids were used per plant. There was a perceptible decline in transmission efficiency as the sequestration period increased, although M. persicae successfully transmitted PRSV after 30 min of sequestration. A simple leaf-disk assay technique was employed for evaluating the transmission efficiency of three species of aphids. The results of leaf-disk assays also indicated that A. gossypii (48%) and M. persicae (56%) were more efficient PRSV vectors than A. craccivora. Using leaf-disk assays, the ability of individual aphids to inoculate PRSV serially to a number of plants was studied. Following a single AAP on an infected leaf, M. persicae was more efficient than the other two species with 52.5% transmission after the first inoculation access period (IAP). However, its inoculation efficiency significantly decreased with the second and subsequent IAPs. A. gossypii was able to transmit PRSV sequentially up to four successive leaf disks, but with significantly declining efficiency. Since A. gossypii is reported to be the numerically dominant vector in south India in addition to being a more efficient vector capable of inoculating PRSV to multiple plants, it should be the target vector for control strategies.

scholarly journals Melon PI 414723 Is Resistant to Papaya Ringspot Virus Watermelon Strain

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 602b-602
Author(s):  
James D. McCreight
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Virus Multiplication ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Papaya Ringspot Virus ◽  
Systemic Necrosis ◽  
Melon Aphid

PI 414723 has received much attention from melon (Cucumis melo L.) breeders, pathologists, and entomologists for resistances to zucchini yellow mosaic and watermelon mosaic viruses, including resistances to virus multiplication and subsequent transmission by the melon aphid, powdery mildew resistance, and melon aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover). PI 414723 was derived from PI 371795, which was a contaminant in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) PI 175111 collected in 1948 by Walter N. Koelz in Mussoorie, Uttar Pradesh, India (altitude 1829 m). Its fruit, which have soft flesh and rind that split at maturity, are used in soups and stews, and the seeds are roasted and eaten. PI 414723, PI 371795, and the related Ames 20219 and progeny 92528a were resistant to California and Florida isolates of papaya ringspot virus watermelon strain (PRSV-W). Plants were either symptomless, or they exhibited local lesions, systemic necrosis, or systemic spots. Resistance to PRSV-W is conditioned by a single dominant gene. Allelism with Prv1 (PI 180280, Rajkot, Gujarat, India), Prv2 (PI 180283, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India), Nm (`Vedrantais, Fance), and a recently described gene for PRSV-W resistance in PI 124112 (Calcutta, India) is yet to be determined.

Inhibition of mechanical transmission of virus by sap, and infection of Cucurbita ecuadorensis with papaya ringspot virus type W

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 651
Author(s):  
ME Herrington ◽  
DS Teakle ◽  
RS Greber ◽  
PJ Brown
Keyword(s):  
Virus Type ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Papaya Ringspot Virus ◽  
Potassium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Severe Isolate

Dilutions of Cucurbita ecuadorensis sap were mixed with dilutions of sap from C. maxima infected with papaya ringspot virus type W (PRV-W), and the mixtures mechanically inoculated to seedlings of C. pepo cv. Small Sugar or Cucumis sativus cv. Supermarket. Plants inoculated with C. maxima sap plus C. ecuadorensis sap (at 1/8 when C. pepo was the test plant, or 1/16 when C. sativus was the test plant) showed reduced infection compared with plants not receiving C. ecuadorensis sap. The reduction caused by C. ecuadorensis sap was greater at a lower virus concentration (1 g infected C. maxima/400 mL sodium-potassium phosphate buffer 0.1 mol/L) than at a higher virus concentration (1 g/25 mL). It was concluded that C. ecuadorensis sap contains an inhibitor of infection, that tissue derived from this species should be diluted at least 1 g/ 10 mL buffer before use in inoculations, and that C. pepo, which was 5 times more sensitive than C. sativus, should be used as the test seedling in reisolations. When C. ecuadorensis, C. maxima and the F1 (C. maxima x C. ecuadorensis) were inoculated on their cotyledons with a severe isolate of PRV-W, symptoms were expressed on at least 1 plant of each species and the F1, and the virus was reisolated in seedlings of C. pepo cv. Small Sugar from the uninoculated leaves of all plants. Severity of symptoms and the proportion of plants infected at reisolation were least for C. ecuadorensis, intermediate for the F1 and most for C. maxima. This is the first report of infection of C. ecuadorensis by PRV-W.

scholarly journals Immunofluorescent Localization of Tobacco Ringspot Nepovirus in the Vector Nematode Xiphinema americanum

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (9) ◽  
pp. 885-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouhua Wang ◽  
Rose C. Gererich
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Immunofluorescent Localization ◽  
Acquisition Access Period ◽  
Access Period ◽  
Virus Retention ◽  
Immunofluorescent Technique

An indirect immunofluorescent technique was developed to localize tobacco ringspot nepovirus (TRSV) in the vector nematode Xiphinema americanum sensu stricto. A population of this nematode that efficiently transmitted TRSV was given an acquisition access period of 10 days on TRSV-infected cucumber. Treatment of fragments of viruliferous nematodes with a polyclonal antiserum against TRSV followed by fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G resulted in virus-specific bright fluorescence only in the lumen of the stylet extension and esophagus. Virus-specific fluorescent signals were observed in the virus-retention region of 44% of the nematode fragments examined. The percentage of nematodes labeled with virus-specific fluorescence increased as the acquisition access period increased from 0 to 22 days; the increase paralleled the increase in the transmission efficiency of the nematode population. Visualization of the entire virus-retention region of individual nematodes within a population of vector or nonvector nematodes provides a rapid and simple means of monitoring specific attachment of plant viruses.

Conditions for the experimental transmission of cabbage black ringspot virus by Myzus persicae (Sulz.) to turnip (Brassica rapa)

1971 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umarany Kandiah ◽  
I. W. Selman
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Mechanical Inoculation ◽  
Experimental Transmission ◽  
Acquisition Access Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Aphid Inoculation ◽  
Test Plants

Experiments in a glasshouse have shown that the most favourable conditions for transmission of cabbage black ringspot virus by Myzus persicae (Sulz.) to turnip plants with two foliage leaves were as follows: an acquisition access period of five minutes; a test-feeding period of not less than two hours; the use of nine viruliferous aphids per test plant; the use of aphids from uncrowded colonies; the use of the third leaf from the base of an infected turnip (5-leaf stage) as virus source; and inoculation of the younget leaf of a test plant. Darkening plants for 24 or 48 h did not increase susceptibility to aphid inoculation, but increased it to mechanical inoculation in the summer. When the youngest leaf was inoculated, the age of the test plants (10-25 days after germination) did not influence transmission by aphid or mechanical inoculation.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of Papaya Ringspot Virus Isolated from Genetically Modified Papaya in Hainan Island, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangyuan Zhao ◽  
Pu Yan ◽  
Wentao Shen ◽  
Decai Tuo ◽  
Xiaoying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Papaya Ringspot Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Sequence Identity

The complete genome sequence (10,326 nucleotides) of a papaya ringspot virus isolate infecting genetically modified papaya in Hainan Island of China was determined through reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The virus shares 92% nucleotide sequence identity with the isolate that is unable to infect PRSV-resistant transgenic papaya.

Screening the Watermelon Germplasm Collection for Resistance to Papaya Ringspot Virus Type‐W

Crop Science ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1324-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bruton Strange ◽  
Nihat Guner ◽  
Zvezdana Pesic‐VanEsbroeck ◽  
Todd C. Wehner
Keyword(s):  
Virus Type ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Papaya Ringspot Virus

scholarly journals Erratum to: Molecular characterization of a severe isolate of papaya ringspot virus in Mexico and its relationship with other isolates

Virus Genes ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-431
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Noa-Carrazana ◽  
Diego González-de-León ◽  
Laura Silva-Rosales
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Papaya Ringspot Virus ◽  
Severe Isolate

Transgene-specific and event-specific molecular markers for characterization of transgenic papaya lines resistant to Papaya ringspot virus

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 971-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Jen Fan ◽  
Shu Chen ◽  
Yi-Jung Kung ◽  
Ying-Huey Cheng ◽  
Huey-Jiunn Bau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Papaya Ringspot Virus ◽  
Transgenic Papaya

Generation of mild recombinants of papaya ringspot virus to minimize the problem of strain-specific cross protection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi-Thu-Yen Tran ◽  
Tzu-Tung Lin ◽  
Chung-Ping Chang ◽  
Chun-Hung Chen ◽  
Van-Hoa Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Papaya Ringspot Virus ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Mild Strain ◽  
Geographic Regions

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) causes severe damage to papaya (Carica papaya L.) and is the primary limiting factor for papaya production worldwide. A nitrous acid-induced mild strain PRSV HA 5-1, derived from Hawaii strain HA, has been applied to control PRSV by cross protection for decades. However, the problem of strain-specific protection hampers its application in Taiwan and other geographic regions outside Hawaii. Here, sequence comparison of the genomic sequence of HA 5-1 with that of HA revealed 69 nucleotide changes, resulting in 31 aa changes in which 16 aa are structurally different. The multiple mutations of HA 5-1 are considered resulting from nitrous-acid induction since 86% of nucleotide changes are transition mutations. The stable HA 5-1 was used as a backbone to generate recombinants carrying individual 3’ fragments of Vietnam severe strain TG5, including NIa, NIb, and CP3’ regions, individually or in combination. Our results indicated that the best heterologous fragment for the recombinant is the region of CP3’, with which symptom attenuation of the recombinant is like that of HA 5-1. This mild recombinant HA51/TG5-CP3’ retained high levels of protection against the homologous HA in papaya plants and significantly increased the protection against the heterologous TG-5. Similarly, HA 5-1 recombinants carrying individual CP3’ fragments from Thailand SMK, Taiwan YK, and Vietnam ST2 severe strains also significantly increase the protection against the corresponding heterologous strains in papaya plants. Thus, our recombinant approach for mild strain generation is a fast and effective way to minimize the problem of strain-specific protection.

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