Chronic adaptation to high protein intake during energy restriction leads to increased post‐prandial energy expenditure and fat oxidation in women

1. The influence of the nutrient composition of food on energy expenditure during a 24 h period was investigated in adult volunteers. The maximum probable effect was determined using iso-energetic diets high in either protein or in glucose.2. Two men and four women took part in the study. Their body-weights and body composition were within the normal range. Each subject lived for 28 h in a whole-body calorimeterset at 26°, on two separate occasions. During each session they ate one of the following iso-energetic diets: high-protein–low-carbohydrate or high-glucose–low-protein.Energy expenditure was determined while the subject followed a pre-set pattern of activity. A 24 h collection of urine was made and total nitrogen, creatinine and urea excretions were determined, so that heat production could be corrected for protein metabolism.3. Two independent measures of energy expenditure were made: direct calorimetry was used to obtain heat loss partitioned into its sensible and evaporative components, while indirect calorimetry was used to estimate heat production from oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and N excretion. There was good agreement between the two estimates of 24 h energy expenditure: for the twelve sessions in the calorimeter the mean difference between heat production and heat loss was only 0·4 (SEM 0·39)%.4. The results showed that nutrient composition can have a marked influence on 24 h energy expenditure in adult humans. Mean values of 8659 (SEM 230) kJ and 7735 (SEM 250) kJ were obtained for the high-protein and high-glucose diets respectively. This 12% increasein energy expenditure on the high-protein intake was significant (P < 0·001). On the high-glucose intake, total heat loss comprised 22 and 78% evaporative and sensible heat losses respectively. The increase in heat loss onthe high-protein intake was accounted for by a 39% increase in evaporative heat loss and a 7% increase in sensible heat loss.5. It is concluded that the composition of the nutrient intake has a greater influenceon the metabolic rate of adult humans than has been suggested by some groups of workers in recent years.

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High-Protein Energy-Restriction: Effects on Body Composition, Contractile Properties, Mood, and Sleep in Active Young College Students

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living ◽

10.3389/fspor.2021.683327 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Christian Roth ◽

Lukas Rettenmaier ◽

Michael Behringer

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Body Composition ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Body Mass ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Energy Restriction ◽

High Protein ◽

Contractile Properties ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

High Protein Intake

Background: It is often advised to ensure a high-protein intake during energy-restricted diets. However, it is unclear whether a high-protein intake is able to maintain muscle mass and contractility in the absence of resistance training.Materials and Methods: After 1 week of body mass maintenance (45 kcal/kg), 28 male college students not performing resistance training were randomized to either the energy-restricted (ER, 30 kcal/kg, n = 14) or the eucaloric control group (CG, 45 kcal/kg, n = 14) for 6 weeks. Both groups had their protein intake matched at 2.8 g/kg fat-free-mass and continued their habitual training throughout the study. Body composition was assessed weekly using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Contractile properties of the m. rectus femoris were examined with Tensiomyography and MyotonPRO at weeks 1, 3, and 5 along with sleep (PSQI) and mood (POMS).Results: The ER group revealed greater reductions in body mass (Δ −3.22 kg vs. Δ 1.90 kg, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.360), lean body mass (Δ −1.49 kg vs. Δ 0.68 kg, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.152), body cell mass (Δ −0.85 kg vs. Δ 0.59 kg, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.181), intracellular water (Δ −0.58 l vs. Δ 0.55 l, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.445) and body fat percentage (Δ −1.74% vs. Δ 1.22%, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 433) compared to the CG. Contractile properties, sleep onset, sleep duration as well as depression, fatigue and hostility did not change (p > 0.05). The PSQI score (Δ −1.43 vs. Δ −0.64, p = 0.006, partial η2 = 0.176) and vigor (Δ −2.79 vs. Δ −4.71, p = 0.040, partial η2 = 0.116) decreased significantly in the ER group and the CG, respectively.Discussion: The present data show that a high-protein intake alone was not able to prevent lean mass loss associated with a 6-week moderate energy restriction in college students. Notably, it is unknown whether protein intake at 2.8 g/kg fat-free-mass prevented larger decreases in lean body mass. Muscle contractility was not negatively altered by this form of energy restriction. Sleep quality improved in both groups. Whether these advantages are due to the high-protein intake cannot be clarified and warrants further study. Although vigor was negatively affected in both groups, other mood parameters did not change.

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Impact of High Protein Intake on Viral Load and Hematological Parameters in HIV-infected Patients

Current HIV Research ◽

10.2174/1570162x15666171002121209 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Evgeny Vlad. Butorov

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

High Protein ◽

High Protein Intake

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High protein intake without concerns?

Critical Care ◽

10.1186/s13054-017-1699-9 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Olav Rooyackers ◽

Martin Sundström Rehal ◽

Felix Liebau ◽

Åke Norberg ◽

Jan Wernerman

Keyword(s):

Protein Intake ◽

High Protein ◽

High Protein Intake

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High Protein Intake Associates with Cardiovascular Events but not with Loss of Renal Function

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology ◽

10.1681/asn.2008060649 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 1797-1804 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Nynke Halbesma ◽

Stephan J.L. Bakker ◽

Desiree F. Jansen ◽

Ronald P. Stolk ◽

Dick De Zeeuw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renal Function ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Cardiovascular Events ◽

High Protein ◽

High Protein Intake

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Protein intake and outcome of critically ill patients: analysis of a large international database using piece-wise exponential additive mixed models

Critical Care ◽

10.1186/s13054-021-03870-5 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Wolfgang H. Hartl ◽

Philipp Kopper ◽

Andreas Bender ◽

Fabian Scheipl ◽

Andrew G. Day ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hospital Discharge ◽

Critically Ill ◽

Acute Phase ◽

Critically Ill Patients ◽

Protein Intake ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

High Protein Intake ◽

Low Protein ◽

Standard Protein

Abstract Background Proteins are an essential part of medical nutrition therapy in critically ill patients. Guidelines almost universally recommend a high protein intake without robust evidence supporting its use. Methods Using a large international database, we modelled associations between the hazard rate of in-hospital death and live hospital discharge (competing risks) and three categories of protein intake (low: < 0.8 g/kg per day, standard: 0.8–1.2 g/kg per day, high: > 1.2 g/kg per day) during the first 11 days after ICU admission (acute phase). Time-varying cause-specific hazard ratios (HR) were calculated from piece-wise exponential additive mixed models. We used the estimated model to compare five different hypothetical protein diets (an exclusively low protein diet, a standard protein diet administered early (day 1 to 4) or late (day 5 to 11) after ICU admission, and an early or late high protein diet). Results Of 21,100 critically ill patients in the database, 16,489 fulfilled inclusion criteria for the analysis. By day 60, 11,360 (68.9%) patients had been discharged from hospital, 4,192 patients (25.4%) had died in hospital, and 937 patients (5.7%) were still hospitalized. Median daily low protein intake was 0.49 g/kg [IQR 0.27–0.66], standard intake 0.99 g/kg [IQR 0.89– 1.09], and high intake 1.41 g/kg [IQR 1.29–1.60]. In comparison with an exclusively low protein diet, a late standard protein diet was associated with a lower hazard of in-hospital death: minimum 0.75 (95% CI 0.64, 0.87), and a higher hazard of live hospital discharge: maximum HR 1.98 (95% CI 1.72, 2.28). Results on hospital discharge, however, were qualitatively changed by a sensitivity analysis. There was no evidence that an early standard or a high protein intake during the acute phase was associated with a further improvement of outcome. Conclusions Provision of a standard protein intake during the late acute phase may improve outcome compared to an exclusively low protein diet. In unselected critically ill patients, clinical outcome may not be improved by a high protein intake during the acute phase. Study registration ID number ISRCTN17829198

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High Protein Intake during Continuous Hemodiafiltration: Impact on Amino Acids and Nitrogen Balance

The International Journal of Artificial Organs ◽

10.1177/039139880202500403 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 261-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

R. Bellomo ◽

H. K. Tan ◽

S. Bhonagiri ◽

I. Gopal ◽

J. Seacombe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

High Protein ◽

Total Serum ◽

Amino Acid Supplementation ◽

Continuous Hemodiafiltration ◽

High Protein Intake

Aims To study the effect of combined continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) and high (2.5 g/kg/day) parenteral amino acid supplementation on nitrogen balance, amino acid losses and azotemic control in a cohort of patients with severe acute renal failure (ARF). Methods We administered 2.5 grams/kg/day of amino acids intravenously to seven critically ill patients with ARF. We obtained paired blood and ultrafiltrate (UF) samples (n=20) and calculated amino acid clearances and losses, nitrogen balance, protein catabolic rate and total nitrogen losses. Results The median total serum amino acid concentration was high at 5.2 mmol/L with particularly high concentrations of ornithine, lysine, and phenylalanine, but a low level of histidine. The median overall amino acid clearance was 18.6 ml/min (range: 12 to 29 ml/min). UF losses as percentage of administered dose were high for tyrosine (53.6 %) but low for methionine (3.0 %) and arginine (2.3 %). A positive nitrogen balance was achieved in 7 (35%) of the 20 study days with an overall median nitrogen balance of -1.8 g/day. Urea levels were maintained at a median of 26.6 mmol/L. Conclusions High protein intake increases the serum concentrations of most amino acids. Such protein supplementation, when coupled with CVVHDF, achieves a slightly negative overall nitrogen balance in extremely catabolic patients while still allowing adequate azotemic control.

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