Imbalance of Sphingolipids Synthesis/Degradation Pathway in Preeclamptic Mouse Placenta and Kidney of Intrauterine Growth Restricted Mouse Fetus

Around the end of December 2019, a new beta-coronavirus from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China began to spread rapidly. The new virus, called SARS-CoV-2, which could be transmitted through respiratory droplets, had a range of mild to severe symptoms, from simple cold in some cases to death in others. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named COVID-19 by WHO and has so far killed more people than SARS and MERS. Following the widespread global outbreak of COVID-19, with more than 132758 confirmed cases and 4955 deaths worldwide, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic disease in January 2020. Earlier studies on viral pneumonia epidemics has shown that pregnant women are at greater risk than others. During pregnancy, the pregnant woman is more prone to infectious diseases. Research on both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which are pathologically similar to SARS-CoV-2, has shown that being infected with these viruses during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal death, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and, preterm delivery. With the exponential increase in cases of COVID-19 throughout the world, there is a need to understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the health of pregnant women, through extrapolation of earlier studies that have been conducted on pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. There is an urgent need to understand the chance of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to fetus and the possibility of the virus crossing the placental barrier. Additionally, since some viral diseases and antiviral drugs may have a negative impact on the mother and fetus, in which case, pregnant women need special attention for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.

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Impact of risk factors for Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) on intrauterine growth and birthweight

Endocrine Abstracts ◽

10.1530/endoabs.51.oc4.8 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Reena Perchard ◽

Lucy Higgins ◽

Edward Johnstone ◽

Peter Clayton

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Fetal Growth ◽

Fetal Growth Restriction ◽

Growth Restriction ◽

Intrauterine Growth

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Imbalance in the system L-arginin-NO in pathogenesis of obstetric complications and intrauterine growth retardation (Literature review)

HEALTH OF WOMAN ◽

10.15574/hw.2016.111.43 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 43-47

Author(s):

O.V. Basystyi ◽

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Literature Review ◽

Growth Retardation ◽

Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽

Obstetric Complications ◽

Pathogenetic Role ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

System L ◽

Nitric Oxide Deficiency

The data of domestic and foreign literature on etiology, pathogenesis and intrauterine growth retardation diagnosis are presented in the paper. It highlights pathogenetic role of nitric oxide deficiency in case of obstetric complications and intrauterine growth retardation. Key words: intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), system L-arginin–NO, obstetric complications.

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Pathological features of the sequence in pregnant women with delayed fetal growth

HEALTH OF WOMAN ◽

10.15574/hw.2019.140.50 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 50-54

Author(s):

V.O. Golyanovskiy ◽

◽

Ye.O. Didyk ◽

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽

Normal Development ◽

Intrauterine Infection ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Growth Restriction ◽

Control Group ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Infection And Inflammation

Pregnant women with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have an increased risk of adverse perinatal and long-term complications compared with the birth of children with normal body weight. Thus, IUGR is one of the main challenges for the global health system, especially in poor and developing countries. Morpho-functional studies of the placentas help in determining the causes of IUGR, and therefore, timely prevent complications in pregnant women with IUGR. The objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate various morphometric and pathomorphological changes in the placenta, including inflammatory, in cases of IUGR, and to establish a correlation of these results with the etiology and complications for the fetus. Materials and methods. In the current study, 54 placentas of the fetuses with IUGR (the main group) were compared with 50 placentas of the fetuses with normal development (control group). The criteria for the inclusion of IUGR were gestational age more than 30 weeks and all fetuses with a weight less than 10th percentile for this period of pregnancy. The placenta material was studied pathomorphologically with laboratory screening for infection and inflammation. Similarly, the results were determined for placentas of the fetuses with normal development compared to placentas with IUGR. Results. The placenta study showed the presence of calcification in the case of IUGR, as well as in the case of prolonged pregnancy. However, calcification of the placenta in the case of IUGR was more progressive compared with placenta in the normal pregnancy. In addition, the presence of intrauterine infection and inflammation was observed, which could also lead to an adverse outcome for the further progression of pregnancy with IUGR. Conclusion. A comparative macro- and microscopic pathomorphological study of the placentas in the two groups has shown a significant increase in the pathological changes in all the anatomical structures of the fetuses with IUGR. Key words: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), fetal weight, pathomorphological changes of the placenta.

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Effects of Fetus Weight, Dam Strain, Dam Weight, and Litter Size on the Craniofacial Morphogenesis of CL/Fr Mouse Fetuses Affected with Cleft Lip and Palate

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/1545-1569_1997_034_0325_eofwds_2.3.co_2 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 325-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kazuaki Nonaka ◽

Yasunori Sasaki ◽

Yoshihisa Watanabe ◽

Ken-ichi Yanagita ◽

Minoru Nakata

Keyword(s):

Litter Size ◽

Cleft Lip ◽

Cleft Lip And Palate ◽

Craniofacial Morphology ◽

Strain Effect ◽

Craniofacial Growth ◽

Lateral Cephalogram ◽

Mouse Fetus ◽

Mouse Fetuses ◽

Craniofacial Morphogenesis

Objective: This study examined the factors related to the morphogenesis of the craniofacial complex of the CL/Fr mouse fetus affected with CLP based on the findings of a lateral cephalogram. Design: Embryo transfer experiments were performed to determine the effect of the fetus weight, dam strain, dam weight, and litter size on the intra-uterine craniofacial morphogenesis of CL/Fr mouse fetuses. On the 18th gestational day, each pregnant dam that had received CL/Fr mouse embryos was laparotomized to remove the transferred fetuses that had developed in the uteri of the cleft lip and palate (CLP)-susceptible CL/Fr strain dam and the CLP-resistant C57BL strain dam. A cephalometric observation of the craniofacial morphology of each fetus was subsequently performed. Results: Based on a multiple regression analysis, the standardized partial regression coefficients of the affected fetus weight, the dam weight, and the litter size on the maxillary size of the affected CL/Fr fetus were 0.71 (p < .01), 0.03, and −0.07. According to a least-squares analysis of variance, the dam strain effect in addition to the effect of the affected fetus weight on the maxillary size and the cranial size of the affected fetuses was significant (p < .01 for cranial size, p < .05 for maxillary size) and close to a significant level (p = .09) for the mandibular size of the affected fetuses. The adjusted maxillary size and cranial size after statistically eliminating the effects of the affected fetus weight, dam weight, and lifter size on each original craniofacial size of the affected fetuses that had developed in the CL/Er dam strain were also significantly smaller than those of the affected fetuses that had developed in the C57BL dam strain. Conclusions: The present results indicate that the craniofacial growth of the CL/Fr mouse fetus affected with CLP increased in proportion to the fetus weight. The dam strain effect, in addition to the effect of the affected fetus weight, could thus not be ignored when the etiology of the spontaneous CLP was examined, while the uterine environment, provided by the CL/Fr strain dam, retarded the intra-uterine craniofacial growth of the affected fetuses. It was therefore concluded that the dam strain effect, as well as the effect of the affected fetus weight, both play an important role on the craniofacial morphogenesis of the CL/Fr strain of the affected fetuses that developed in both strain dams.

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