scholarly journals The Role of Complement and the Extracellular Matrix in Early Stage Macular Degeneration

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosario Fernandez‐Godino ◽  
Eric Pierce ◽  
Donita Garland
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Early Stage

scholarly journals Biophysical principles of choanoflagellate self-organization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben T. Larson ◽  
Teresa Ruiz-Herrero ◽  
Stacey Lee ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
L. Mahadevan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Biophysical Processes ◽  
Salpingoeca Rosetta ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractInspired by the patterns of multicellularity in choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, we quantify the biophysical processes underlying the morphogenesis of rosette colonies in the choanoflagellateSalpingoeca rosetta. We find that rosettes reproducibly transition from an early stage of 2D growth to a later stage of 3D growth, despite the underlying stochasticity of the cell lineages. We postulate that the extracellular matrix (ECM) exerts a physical constraint on the packing of proliferating cells, thereby sculpting rosette morphogenesis. Our perturbative experiments coupled with biophysical simulations demonstrates the fundamental importance of a basally-secreted ECM for rosette morphogenesis. In addition, this yields a morphospace for the shapes of these multicellular colonies, consistent with observations of a range of choanoflagellates. Overall, our biophysical perspective on rosette development complements previous genetic perspectives and thus helps illuminate the interplay between cell biology and physics in regulating morphogenesis.Significance statementComparisons among animals and their closest living relatives, the choanoflagellates, have begun to shed light on the origin of animal multicellularity and development. Here we complement previous genetic perspectives on this process by focusing on the biophysical principles underlying colony morphology and morphogenesis. Our study reveals the crucial role of the extracellular matrix in shaping the colonies and leads to a phase diagram that delineates the range of morphologies as a function of the biophysical mechanisms at play.

The role of the extracellular matrix in promoting early stage mycosis fungoides

2019 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. S2-S3
Author(s):  
John Ringe ◽  
Sarah Baik ◽  
Pierluigi Porcu ◽  
Neda Nikbakht
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Mycosis Fungoides ◽  
Early Stage

Extracellular ATP, a danger signal, is recognized by DORN1 in Arabidopsis

2014 ◽  
Vol 463 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeongmin Choi ◽  
Kiwamu Tanaka ◽  
Yan Liang ◽  
Yangrong Cao ◽  
Sang Yeol Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Extracellular Atp ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Danger Signal ◽  
Lectin Receptor ◽  
Plant Stress Responses

ATP, the universal energy currency of all organisms, is released into the extracellular matrix and serves as a signal among cells, where it is referred to as an extracellular ATP. Although a signalling role for extracellular ATP has been well studied in mammals over the last 40 years, investigations of such a role in plants are at an early stage. Recently, the first plant receptor for extracellular ATP, DOes not Respond to Nucleotides (DORN1), was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana by mutant screening. DORN1 encodes a legume-type lectin receptor kinase that is structurally distinct from the mammalian extracellular ATP receptors. In the present review, we highlight the genetic and biochemical evidence for the role of DORN1 in extracellular ATP signalling, placing this within the wider context of extracellular ATP signalling during plant stress responses.

scholarly journals Cardiac Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Defined Extracellular Matrix Proteins Reveals Essential Role of Fibronectin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Ran Tao ◽  
Pratik A. Lalit ◽  
Juliana L Carvalho ◽  
Yogananda Markandeya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cardiac Differentiation ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Mesoderm Formation ◽  
Integrin Linked Kinase

Research and therapeutic applications using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) require robust differentiation strategies. Efforts to improve hPSC-CM differentiation have largely overlooked the role of extracellular matrix (ECM). The present study investigates the ability of defined ECM proteins to promote hPSC cardiac differentiation. Fibronectin, laminin-111, and laminin-521 enabled hPSCs to attach and expand; however, fibronectin ECM either endogenously produced or exogenously added promoted, while laminins inhibited, cardiac differentiation in response to growth factors Activin A, BMP4, and bFGF. Inducible shRNA knockdown of fibronectin prevented Brachyury+ mesoderm formation and subsequent hPSC-CM differentiation. Antibodies blocking fibronectin binding to integrin β1, but not α5, inhibited cardiac differentiation. Furthermore, inhibition of integrin-linked kinase blocked cardiac differentiation. These results identify fibronectin, laminin-111 and laminin-521 as defined substrates enabling cardiac differentiation of hPSCs and uncover the essential role of fibronectin and downstream signaling pathways in the early stage of hPSC-CM differentiation.

Extracellular matrix: the gatekeeper of tumor angiogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1543-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Mongiat ◽  
Simone Buraschi ◽  
Eva Andreuzzi ◽  
Thomas Neill ◽  
Renato V. Iozzo
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Tumor Angiogenesis ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Cancer Growth ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Metastatic Progression ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Multiple Signaling

Abstract The extracellular matrix is a network of secreted macromolecules that provides a harmonious meshwork for the growth and homeostatic development of organisms. It conveys multiple signaling cascades affecting specific surface receptors that impact cell behavior. During cancer growth, this bioactive meshwork is remodeled and enriched in newly formed blood vessels, which provide nutrients and oxygen to the growing tumor cells. Remodeling of the tumor microenvironment leads to the formation of bioactive fragments that may have a distinct function from their parent molecules, and the balance among these factors directly influence cell viability and metastatic progression. Indeed, the matrix acts as a gatekeeper by regulating the access of cancer cells to nutrients. Here, we will critically evaluate the role of selected matrix constituents in regulating tumor angiogenesis and provide up-to-date information concerning their primary mechanisms of action.

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