scholarly journals Induction of Na+/Myo-Inositol Cotransporter mRNA after Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Evidence for Extensive Osmotic Stress in Remote Areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1203-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihide Yamashita ◽  
Eiji Kohmura ◽  
Atsushi Yamauchi ◽  
Shoichi Shimada ◽  
Takamichi Yuguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Organic Osmolytes ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Regulated Expression ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion ◽  
The Brain

Myo-inositol is one of the major organic osmolytes in the brain. It is accumulated into cells through an Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter (SMIT) that is regulated by extracellular tonicity. To investigate the role of SMIT in the brain after cerebral ischemia, we examined expression of SMIT mRNA in the rat brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion, which would reflect alteration of extracellular tonicity. The expression of SMIT mRNA was markedly increased 12 h after surgery in the cortex of the affected side and lasted until the second day. Increased expression was also found in the contralateral cingulate cortex. Up-regulated expression was found predominantly in the neurons in remote areas, although nonneuronal cells adjacent to the ischemic core also expressed this mRNA. These results suggest that cerebral ischemia causes extensive osmotic stress in brain and that the neuronal cells respond to this stress by increasing SMIT expression.

scholarly journals Inflammatory cell populations in early neuroinflammation in the core and peri-ischemic lesions of rat brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia: A morphometric study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emoke Horvath ◽  
Alex Oradan ◽  
Liviu Chiriac ◽  
Minodora Dobreanu ◽  
Előd-Ernő Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Inflammatory Cell ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
The Core ◽  
Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Background and Objective: Clinical and experimental observations emphasize the role of inflammation as a direct risk factor for stroke. To better characterize the inflammation, we have conducted a detailed histological analysis of the inflammatory cell population after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in a rat model. Methods: Fifteen adult Wistar male rats were divided randomly into test (n=10) and sham (n=5) groups. In the ischemic group, transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced with an intraluminal filament technique. Histologic lesions of the ischemic core and the surrounding penumbra zone were evaluated, based on a complex algorithm. Representative morphological changes in the core and the penumbra zone were compared. Immunohistochemistry was performed for leukocytes markers (CD15, CD68, CD3), leukocyte-released effectors (MMP-9 and COX-2), and FXIII (possibly involved in microglia and macrophage activation) Results: Neuronal vacuolation and degeneration were significantly more in the core lesion, whereas cellular edema and inflammatory infiltrate were increased in the penumbra. CD68, CD3, FXIII and Cox-2 expression were significantly higher in the penumbra than in the core (p=0.026; p=0.006; p=0.002; and p<0.001). Discussion: In the rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion, inflammatory mechanisms, microglia/macrophage cells, and T-lymphocytes likely play an important role in the penumbra. The deterioration of neurons is less in the penumbra than in the core. Appreciation of the role of the inflammatory cells and mechanisms involved in stroke might lead to measures to inhibit the injury and save brain volume.

scholarly journals Inflammatory cell populations in early neuroinflammation in the core and peri-ischemic lesions of rat brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia: A morphometric study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emoke Horvath ◽  
Alex Oradan ◽  
Liviu Chiriac ◽  
Minodora Dobreanu ◽  
Előd-Ernő Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Inflammatory Cell ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
The Core ◽  
Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Background and Objective: Clinical and experimental observations emphasize the role of inflammation as a direct risk factor for stroke. To better characterize the inflammation, we have conducted a detailed histological analysis of the inflammatory cell population after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in a rat model. Methods: Fifteen adult Wistar male rats were divided randomly into test (n=10) and sham (n=5) groups. In the ischemic group, transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced with an intraluminal filament technique. Histologic lesions of the ischemic core and the surrounding penumbra zone were evaluated, based on a complex algorithm. Representative morphological changes in the core and the penumbra zone were compared. Immunohistochemistry was performed for leukocytes markers (CD15, CD68, CD3), leukocyte-released effectors (MMP-9 and COX-2), and FXIII (possibly involved in microglia and macrophage activation) Results: Neuronal vacuolation and degeneration were significantly more in the core lesion, whereas cellular edema and inflammatory infiltrate were increased in the penumbra. CD68, CD3, FXIII and Cox-2 expression were significantly higher in the penumbra than in the core (p=0.026; p=0.006; p=0.002; and p<0.001). Discussion: In the rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion, inflammatory mechanisms, microglia/macrophage cells, and T-lymphocytes likely play an important role in the penumbra. The deterioration of neurons is less in the penumbra than in the core. Appreciation of the role of the inflammatory cells and mechanisms involved in stroke might lead to measures to inhibit the injury and save brain volume.

Alterations in the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Complex following Focal Cerebral Ischemia

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dewar ◽  
M. C. Wallace ◽  
A. Kurumaji ◽  
J. McCulloch
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Receptor Complex ◽  
Ischemic Insult ◽  
Mk 801 ◽  
Aspartate Receptor ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion ◽  
The Brain

The functional integrity of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor complex following focal cerebral ischemia in the rat has been examined at a time when brain tissue is irreversibly damaged. Twelve hours after unilateral permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, [3H]-MK-801 binding was not significantly altered in the ischemic cerebral cortex compared to sham-operated animals. Moreover, the enhancement of [3H]MK-801 binding by exogenous glutamate was preserved in an area of the brain that was permanently damaged by the ischemic insult.

scholarly journals Relation of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Changes and Metabolic Disturbances after 1 Hour of Focal Cerebral Ischemia and at Different Reperfusion Phases in Rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laszlo Olah ◽  
Stefan Wecker ◽  
Mathias Hoehn
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Atp Depletion ◽  
Apparent Diffusion ◽  
Tissue Acidosis ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion ◽  
Energy Failure

Changes in apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) were compared with alterations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration and pH in different phases of transient focal cerebral ischemia to study the ADC threshold for breakdown of energy metabolism and tissue acidosis during ischemia and reperfusion. Male Wistar rats underwent 1 hour of middle cerebral artery occlusion without recirculation (n = 3) or with 1 hour (n = 4) or 10 hours of reperfusion (n = 5) inside the magnet, using a remotely controlled thread occlusion model. ADC maps were calculated from diffusion-weighted images and normalized to the preischemic value to obtain relative ADC maps. Hemispheric lesion volume (HLV) was determined on the last relative ADC maps at different relative ADC thresholds and was compared to the HLV measured by ATP depletion and by tissue acidosis. The HLVs, defined by ATP depletion and tissue acidosis, were 26.0% ± 10.6% and 38.1% ± 6.5% at the end of ischemia, 3.3% ± 2.4% and 4.8% ± 3.5% after 1 hour of reperfusion, and 11.2% ± 4.7% and 10.9% ± 5.2% after 10 hours of recirculation, respectively. The relative ADC thresholds for energy failure were consistently approximately 77% of the control value in the three different groups. The threshold for tissue acidosis was higher at the end of ischemia (86% of control) but was similar to the results obtained for ATP depletion after 1 hour (78% of control) and 10 hours (76% of control) of recirculation. These results indicate that the described relative ADC threshold of approximately 77% of control provides a good estimate for the breakdown of energy metabolism not only during middle cerebral artery occlusion but also at the early phase of reperfusion, when recovery of energy metabolism is expected to occur, or some hours later, when development of secondary energy failure was described.

scholarly journals Leukocyte-Endothelium Interactions during Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 668-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroharu Kataoka ◽  
Seong-Woong Kim ◽  
Nikolaus Plesnila
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion ◽  
Adherent Leukocytes

The contribution of leukocyte infiltration to brain damage after permanent focal cerebral ischemia and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a mouse model for the visualization of leukocytes in the cerebral microcirculation in vivo and to investigate leukocyte-endothelial interaction (LEI) after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Sham-operated 129/Sv mice showed physiologic LEI in pial venules as observed by intravital fluorescent microscopy. Permanent focal cerebral ischemia induced a significant increase of LEI predominantly in pial venules. The number of rolling and adherent leukocytes reached 36.5 ± 13.2/100 μm × min and 22.5 ± 7.9/100 μm × min, respectively at 120 minutes after MCAO ( P = 0.016 vs. control). Of note, rolling and adherent leukocytes were also observed in arterioles of ischemic animals (7.3 ± 3.0/100 μm × min rolling and 3.0 ± 3.6/100 μm × min adherent). Capillary density was not different between groups. These results demonstrate that leukocytes accumulate in the brain not only after transient but also after permanent focal cerebral ischemia and may therefore contribute to brain damage after stroke without reperfusion.

scholarly journals Cortical Spreading Depression Protects against Subsequent Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazushi Matsushima ◽  
Matthew J. Hogan ◽  
Antoine M. Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Cortical Spreading Depression ◽  
Spreading Depression ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Microdialysis Probe ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion ◽  
Subcortical Infarct

The possibility that cortical spreading depression (CSD) may have neuroprotective action during subsequent focal cerebral ischemia was examined in rats. Three days before the imposition of focal cerebral ischemia CSDs were elicited by applying potassium chloride (KCl) for 2 h through a microdialysis probe implanted in the occipital cortex. Control animals were handled identically except that saline was infused instead of KCl. Focal ischemia was produced by the intraluminal suture method and cortical and subcortical infarct volumes were measured 7 days later. Neocortical infarct volume was reduced from 124.8 ± 49.5 mm3 in the controls to 62.9 ± 59.5 mm3 in the animals preconditioned with CSD (p = 0.012). There was no difference between the two groups in the subcortical infarct volume or in CBF, measured by the hydrogen clearance method, during or immediately after the ischemic interval. Our data indicate that preconditioning CSD applied 3 days before middle cerebral artery occlusion may increase the brain's resistance to focal ischemic damage and may be used as a model to explore the neuroprotective molecular responses of neuronal and glial cells.

scholarly journals Inhibition of MicroRNA-383 Ameliorates Injury After Focal Cerebral Ischemia via Targeting PPARγ

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1339-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lichun Pei ◽  
Songyan Meng ◽  
Weigang Yu ◽  
Qiujun Wang ◽  
Fangfang Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Background: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) plays a critical role in protecting against distinct brain damages, including ischemia. Our previous data have shown that the protein level of PPARγ is increased in the cortex after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO); PPARγ up-regulation contributes to PPARγ activation and is effective in reducing ischemic damage to brain. However, the regulatory mechanism of PPARγ after focal cerebral ischemia in rats is still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of microRNA on PPARγ in rats subjected to MCAO. Methods: Focal cerebral ischemia was established by surgical middle cerebral artery occlusion; the protein level of PPARγ was detected by Western blotting; the level of microRNA-383 (miR-383) was quantified by real-time PCR; the neurological outcomes were defined by infarct volume and neurological deficits. Luciferase assay was used to identify the luciferase activities of PPARγ and miR-383. Results: We showed here that miR-383 level was down-regulated in the ischemic hemisphere of rats 24h after MCAO. Overexpression of miR-383 by miR-383 agomir increased infarct volume and aggravated neurological damage. Administration of miR-383 antagomir had the opposite effects. Furthermore, we found that PPARγ protein was down-regulated by miR-383 overexpression, and up-regulated by miR-383 inhibition both in rat model of MCAO and in primary culture cells. Finally, we found that miR-383 suppressed the luciferase activity of the vector carrying the 3'UTR of PPARγ, whereas mutation of the binding sites relived the repressive effect of miR-383. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that miR-383 may play a key role in focal cerebral ischemia by regulating PPARγ expression at the post-transcriptional level, and miR-383 may be a potential therapeutic target for stroke.

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