ARE ELITE ATHLETES LESS AT RISK FOR THE FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD COMPARED TO NON-ATHLETIC CONTROLS?

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S331
Author(s):  
M K. Torstveit ◽  
J Sundgot-Borgen
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Female Athlete Triad

scholarly journals The LEAF questionnaire is a good screening tool for the identification of the Female Athlete Triad/Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport among young football players

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12118
Author(s):  
Edyta Łuszczki ◽  
Pawel Jagielski ◽  
Anna Bartosiewicz ◽  
Maciej Kuchciak ◽  
Katarzyna Dereń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Not At Risk

Background It has been noticed that Female Athlete Triad (Fat) and Relative Energy Deficiency (Red-S) in Sport are characterized by the symptoms of impaired endocrine-metabolic function and bone health in female athletes. In addition, it may be evaluated with a qualitative tool, such as Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and quantitative measurements: bone mineral density (BMD), resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, 24-hour dietary recall. Methods The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Triad and Red-S using the LEAF-Q in youth female football players. Additionally, the difference in the BMD, body composition, REE and energy intake (EI) were assessed between the Triad/Red-S risk and not at-risk groups. Results Almost two thirds (64.7%) of participants are classified as being at-risk for the triad according to their LEAF-Q scores. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between most of the values among children from the analyzed groups. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the EI values among girls from the two analyzed groups: at-risk (1,773.18 kcal ±  232.57) and not at-risk (2,054.00 kcal ±  191.39). Girls who did not meet the energy intake recommendations were 10.00 as likely to be in the Triad/Red-S risk group. Conclusion Early identification of Fat/Red-S symptoms by screening tools such as the LEAF questionnaire is important in protecting young athletes from long-term damage due to the progression of the risk factors associated with the Fat/Red-S.

scholarly journals The LEAF questionnaire: a screening tool for the identification of female athletes at risk for the female athlete triad

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 540-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Melin ◽  
Åsa B Tornberg ◽  
Sven Skouby ◽  
Jens Faber ◽  
Christian Ritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Female Athlete Triad

PREVALENCE OF THE FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD IN NORWEGIAN ELITE ATHLETES

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. S227
Author(s):  
M Klungland ◽  
J Sundgot-Borgen ◽  
K Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Female Athlete Triad

Disorders of the Female Athlete Triad among Collegiate Athletes

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Beals ◽  
Melinda M. Manore
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Menstrual Irregularity ◽  
Female Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Eat 26 ◽  
Or Team

This study examined the prevalence of and relationship between the disorders of the female athlete triad in collegiate athletes participating in aesthetic, endurance, or team/anaerobic sports. Participants were 425 female collegiate athletes from 7 universities across the United States. Disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and musculoskeletal injuries were assessed by a health/medical, dieting and menstrual history questionnaire, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and the Eating Disorder Inventory Body Dissatisfaction Subscale (EDI-BD). The percentage of athletes reporting a clinical diagnosis of anorexia and bulimia nervosa was 3.3% and 2.3%, respectively; mean (±SD) EAT and EDI-BD scores were 10.6 ± 9.6 and 9.8 ± 7.6, respectively. The percentage of athletes with scores indicating “at-risk” behavior for an eating disorder were 15.2% using the EAT-26 and 32.4% using the EDI-BD. A similar percentage of athletes in aesthetic, endurance, and team/anaerobic sports reported a clinical diagnosis of anorexia or bulimia. However, athletes in aesthetic sports scored higher on the EAT-26 (13.5 ± 10.9) than athletes in endurance (10.0 ± 9.3) or team/anaerobic sports (9.9 ± 9.0, p < .02); and more athletes in aesthetic versus endurance or team/anaerobic sports scored above the EAT-26 cut-off score of 20 (p < .01). Menstrual irregularity was reported by 31% of the athletes not using oral contraceptives, and there were no group differences in the prevalence of self-reported menstrual irregularity. Muscle and bone injuries sustained during the collegiate career were reported by 65.9% and 34.3% of athletes, respectively, and more athletes in aesthetic versus endurance and team/anaerobic sports reported muscle (p = .005) and/or bone injuries (p < .001). Athletes “at risk” for eating disorders more frequently reported menstrual irregularity (p = .004) and sustained more bone injuries (p = .003) during their collegiate career. These data indicate that while the prevalence of clinical eating disorders is low in female collegiate athletes, many are “at risk” for an eating disorder, which places them at increased risk for menstrual irregularity and bone injuries.

The components of the female athlete triad do not identify all physically active females at risk

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1289-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melonie Burrows ◽  
Helen Shepherd ◽  
Stephen Bird ◽  
Kenneth Macleod ◽  
Bob Ward
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Physically Active

scholarly journals The female athlete triad: a current concepts review

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C George
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Menstrual Function ◽  
Positive Effects

Female athletic participation continues to grow throughout the world. This has many positive effects on health and well-being, but it has also led to a unique set of health problems. The female athlete triad was first described in 1992 by the American College of Sports Medicine, consisting of disordered eating, amenorrhoea and osteoporosis. An updated position stand was released in 2007 that modified the components of the triad to energy availability, menstrual function and bone mineral density. This article reviews the current definitions of the triad components, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Each of the components of the triad exists on a continuum from healthy to pathological. Low energy availability, from either dietary restriction or increased expenditure, is the factor that leads to the pathological states of menstrual function and bone mineral density. Athletes especially at risk are those in sports requiring leanness or low body weight. Prevention and early recognition of triad disorders is crucial to ensure timely intervention and treatment. Treatment is centered on restoring energy availability to adequate levels (30 kcal.kg-1.d-1) to re-establish normal metabolic functioning. All those who work with female athletes must remain vigilant in the education, recognition and treatment of athletes at risk. Continued research and knowledge of the triad disorders aids the development of prevention and treatment strategies to allow women to continue to enjoy the benefits of regular exercise and physical activity throughout their lives.

THE FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD IN YOUNG ELITE ATHLETES

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
M. Klungland ◽  
J. Sundgot-Borgen
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Female Athlete Triad
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