Gestational Age–Dependent Reference Values for pH in Umbilical Cord Arterial Blood at Term

Background: Measuring the cross-sectional area of umbilical components in normal pregnant women helps in assessing the fetal abnormalities. Very few literatures were available on evaluation of reference values of cross sectional areas of umbilical cord components. The present study was conducted with the aim to determine the normal reference values of cross sectional areas of umbilical arteries, umbilical vein and Wharton’s jelly and to correlate them with the gestational age of the fetus.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 300 normal pregnant women at the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumakuru, Karnataka to assess the reference range of cross sectional areas of umbilical cord arteries, umbilical vein and Wharton’s jelly at different gestational age of the fetus to analyze their growth.Results: A statistically significant correlation was observed between cross sectional areas of umbilical artery and vein and gestational age before and after 34 weeks (p=0.005 and 0.006 respectively) but no significant correlation was noticed with the cross-sectional area of Wharton’s jelly (p=0.088).Conclusions: Cross sectional area measurements of umbilical cord components can be considered as important tools for estimation of fetal growth.

Download Full-text

Gestational Age-Dependent Reference Values for Iron and Selected Proteins of Iron Metabolism in Serum of Premature Human Neonates

Neonatology ◽

10.1159/000014026 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

pp. 208-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Gerd M. Lackmann ◽

Carsten Schnieder ◽

Jürgen Bohner

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Iron Metabolism ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Human Neonates

Download Full-text

Reference Values for Cord Blood Neutrophils: Neutrophil Count Is Strongly Influenced By Gestational Age, Sex and Caesarian Section

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.137.supplement_3.455a ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 137 (Supplement 3) ◽

pp. 455A-455A

Author(s):

Emilie Beaulieu ◽

Edith Massé ◽

Frederic Dallaire

Keyword(s):

Cord Blood ◽

Reference Values ◽

Neutrophil Count ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Caesarian Section ◽

Blood Neutrophils

Download Full-text

Gestational Age Dependency of Umbilical Cord Serum IL-6 Levels for Detecting Fetal Inflammation

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1721373 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sota Iwatani ◽

Takao Kobayashi ◽

Sachiko Matsui ◽

Akihiro Hirata ◽

Miwa Yamamoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Umbilical Cord ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Cord Serum ◽

Very Preterm ◽

Key Points ◽

Extremely Preterm ◽

Preterm Newborns

Objective The fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) is characterized by elevated concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in fetal blood, with preterm delivery and morbidity. Umbilical cord serum interleukin-6 (UC-s-IL-6) is an ideal marker for detecting FIRS. However, the effect of gestational age (GA) on UC-s-IL-6 levels has not been reported. This study aimed to determine the relationship between GA and UC-s-IL-6 levels, and GA-dependent cutoff values of UC-s-IL-6 levels for detecting fetal inflammation. Study Design UC-s-IL-6 concentrations were measured in 194 newborns (44 extremely preterm newborns (EPNs) at 22–27 weeks' GA, 68 very preterm newborns (VPNs) at 28–31 weeks' GA, and 82 preterm newborns (PNs) at 32–34 weeks' GA). Linear regression analyses were used to correlate GA and UC-s-IL-6 levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analyses were performed for detecting the presence of funisitis, as the histopathological counterpart of FIRS. Results A significant negative correlation between GA and UC-s-IL-6 levels was found in newborns with severe funisitis (r s = − 0.427, p = 0.004) and those with mild funisitis (r s = − 0.396, p = 0.025). ROC curve analyses revealed the area under the curve for detecting funisitis were 0.856, 0.837, and 0.622 in EPNs, VPNs, and PNs, respectively. The UC-s-IL-6 cutoff value in EPNs (28.1 pg/mL) exceeded those in VPNs and PNs (3.7 and 3.0 pg/mL, respectively). Conclusion UC-s-IL-6 levels were inversely correlated with GA especially in newborns with funisitis. Such GA dependency of UC-s-IL-6 should be considered for detecting fetal inflammation. Key Points

Download Full-text

Neonatal Outcomes at Extreme Prematurity by Gestational Age Versus Birth Weight in a Contemporary Cohort

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1722606 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth B. Ausbeck ◽

Phillip Hunter Allman ◽

Jeff M. Szychowski ◽

Akila Subramaniam ◽

Anup Katheria

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Umbilical Cord ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Neonatal Death ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Neonatal Morbidity ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Severe Morbidity ◽

Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective The aim of the study is to describe the rates of neonatal death and severe neonatal morbidity in a contemporary cohort, as well as to evaluate the predictive value of birth gestational age (GA) and birth weight, independently and combined, for neonatal mortality and morbidity in the same contemporary cohort. Study Design We performed a secondary analysis of an international, multicenter randomized controlled trial of delayed umbilical cord clamping versus umbilical cord milking in preterm infants born at 23 0/7 to 31 6/7 weeks of gestation. The current analysis was restricted to infants delivered <28 weeks. The primary outcomes of this analysis were neonatal death and a composite of severe neonatal morbidity. Incidence of outcomes was compared by weeks of GA, with planned subanalysis comparing small for gestational age (SGA) versus non-SGA neonates. Multivariable logistic regression was then used to model these outcomes based on birth GA, birth weight, or a combination of both as primary independent predictors to determine which had superior ability to predict outcomes. Results Of 474 neonates in the original trial, 180 (38%) were included in this analysis. Overall, death occurred in 27 (15%) and severe morbidity in 139 (77%) neonates. Rates of mortality and morbidity declined with increasing GA (mortality 54% at 23 vs. 9% at 27 weeks). SGA infants (n = 25) had significantly higher mortality compared with non-SGA infants across all GAs (p < 0.01). There was no difference in the predictive value for neonatal death or severe morbidity between the three prediction options (GA, birth weight, or GA and birth weight). Conclusion Death and severe neonatal morbidity declined with advancing GA, with higher rates of death in SGA infants. Birth GA and birth weight were both good predictors of outcomes; however, combining the two was not more predictive, even in SGA infants. Key Points

Download Full-text

Reference Values for Transverse Cerebellar Diameter Throughout Gestation

Pediatric and Developmental Pathology ◽

10.1007/s10024-001-0262-4 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 489-494 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Halit Pinar ◽

Sarah H. Burke ◽

Carol W. Huang ◽

Don B. Singer ◽

C. James Sung

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Growth Curve ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Normal Values ◽

Growth Restriction ◽

Reliable Indicator ◽

Transverse Diameter ◽

Reliable Parameter ◽

Gestational Week ◽

Duration Of Gestation

The transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) is well established in the ultrasound literature as a reliable parameter for estimating the duration of gestation. In cases of growth restriction the cerebellum is usually spared, making TCD a reliable indicator of gestational age even when other parameters fall off the appropriate growth curve. The purpose of this study is to establish normal values for the transverse diameter of the cerebellum in pathology specimens, and to determine if these values correlate with those obtained by ultrasound. We examined 96 specimens ranging from 14 to 42 weeks gestational age and found that our values correlate well with those published in the ultrasound literature. Mean TCD with 2 standard deviations for each gestational week were determined as reference values.

Download Full-text