Reference Values for Transverse Cerebellar Diameter Throughout Gestation

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halit Pinar ◽  
Sarah H. Burke ◽  
Carol W. Huang ◽  
Don B. Singer ◽  
C. James Sung
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Reliable Parameter ◽  
Gestational Week ◽  
Duration Of Gestation

The transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) is well established in the ultrasound literature as a reliable parameter for estimating the duration of gestation. In cases of growth restriction the cerebellum is usually spared, making TCD a reliable indicator of gestational age even when other parameters fall off the appropriate growth curve. The purpose of this study is to establish normal values for the transverse diameter of the cerebellum in pathology specimens, and to determine if these values correlate with those obtained by ultrasound. We examined 96 specimens ranging from 14 to 42 weeks gestational age and found that our values correlate well with those published in the ultrasound literature. Mean TCD with 2 standard deviations for each gestational week were determined as reference values.

scholarly journals Evaluation of transverse cerebellar diameter to abdominal circumference ratio in prediction of intrauterine growth retardation

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2466
Author(s):  
Saroj Mourya ◽  
Harish K. Mourya ◽  
Mohan Makwana ◽  
Hanslata Gahlot ◽  
Suresh Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Gestational Week ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background: Intrauterine growth restriction accounts for a significant increase in perinatal mortality rate as well as immediate neonatal morbidity and continuing long term disability in some of the survivors. A different clinical problem develops in infants of same weight but different gestational age therefore identification of high risk newborns based on gestational age and weight. Hence without an accurate knowledge of gestational age, the clinician is significant hampered in an attempt to differentiate truly growth restricted fetus from a patient with incorrect gestational parameters. TCD is emerging as a new sonografic parameter and least affected by fetal growth restriction while liver is most affected organ.Methods: The patients were sonographically examined for TCD/AC ratio. The best cut-off value of TCD/AC ratio in predicting IUGR was determined by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The fetus with a TCD/AC ratio greater than the cut-off value would be antenatally diagnosed as IUGR for every gestational week. Standard definition of IUGR was a low birth weight, less than the 10th percentile.Results: Eighty pregnancies with suspected IUGR were analyzed. The prevalence of IUGR among the study group was 51.5%. The best cut-off value of the TCD/AC ratio for predicting IUGR was 15.87%, giving the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 81.25%, 62.25%, 89.65%, and 45.45%, respectively.Conclusions: The sonographic fetal TCD/AC ratio as a gestational age-independent, useful, feasible and sensitive method for antenatal diagnosis of IUGR, especially in pregnancy with uncertain gestational age. Routine TCD/AC ratio should be performed to diagnose IUGR.

Sternum Length, Torso Length, and Internipple Distance in Newborn Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-525
Author(s):  
Yakov Sivan ◽  
Paul Merlob ◽  
Salomon H. Reisner
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Standard Measurement ◽  
Gestational Week ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sternum Length

In order to define standards for sternal length, torso length, and internipple distance in the newborn infant, 198 term and preterm infants (27 to 41 gestational weeks) were examined. In every case, the gestational age was determined chronologically and clinically. Sternal and torso length and internipple distance were measured by two observers using standard measurement techniques. Normal values are presented by plotting the mean ±2 SD for each gestational week v the gestational age.

INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION - A REVIEW ARTICLE

2018 ◽  
pp. 184-195
Author(s):  
Minh Son Pham ◽  
Vu Quoc Huy Nguyen ◽  
Dinh Vinh Tran
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Fetal Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
No Gold Standard

Small for gestational age (SGA) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) is difficult to define exactly. In this pregnancy condition, the fetus does not reach its biological growth potential as a consequence of impaired placental function, which may be because of a variety of factors. Fetuses with FGR are at risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality, and poor long-term health outcomes, such as impaired neurological and cognitive development, and cardiovascular and endocrine diseases in adulthood. At present no gold standard for the diagnosis of SGA/FGR exists. The first aim of this review is to: summarize areas of consensus and controversy between recently published national guidelines on small for gestational age or fetal growth restriction; highlight any recent evidence that should be incorporated into existing guidelines. Another aim to summary a number of interventions which are being developed or coming through to clinical trial in an attempt to improve fetal growth in placental insufficiency. Key words: fetal growth restriction (FGR), Small for gestational age (SGA)

284 Umbilical vein flow in fetal growth restriction versus small for gestational age fetuses

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. S186
Author(s):  
Odessa P. Hamidi ◽  
Camille Driver ◽  
Tamara Stampalija ◽  
Sarah Martinez ◽  
Diana Gumina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Fetal Growth Restriction ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Growth Restriction

scholarly journals Children Born with Congenital Heart Defects and Growth Restriction at Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Ghanchi ◽  
Neil Derridj ◽  
Damien Bonnet ◽  
Nathalie Bertille ◽  
Laurent J. Salomon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Congenital Heart Defects ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Growth Restriction

Newborns with congenital heart defects tend to have a higher risk of growth restriction, which can be an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes. To date, a systematic review of the relation between congenital heart defects (CHD) and growth restriction at birth, most commonly estimated by its imperfect proxy small for gestational age (SGA), has not been conducted. Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the proportion of children born with CHD that are small for gestational age (SGA). Methods: The search was carried out from inception until 31 March 2019 on Pubmed and Embase databases. Studies were screened and selected by two independent reviewers who used a predetermined data extraction form to obtain data from studies. Bias was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist. The database search identified 1783 potentially relevant publications, of which 38 studies were found to be relevant to the study question. A total of 18 studies contained sufficient data for a meta-analysis, which was done using a random effects model. Results: The pooled proportion of SGA in all CHD was 20% (95% CI 16%–24%) and 14% (95% CI 13%–16%) for isolated CHD. Proportion of SGA varied across different CHD ranging from 30% (95% CI 24%–37%) for Tetralogy of Fallot to 12% (95% CI 7%–18%) for isolated atrial septal defect. The majority of studies included in the meta-analysis were population-based studies published after 2010. Conclusion: The overall proportion of SGA in all CHD was 2-fold higher whereas for isolated CHD, 1.4-fold higher than the expected proportion in the general population. Although few studies have looked at SGA for different subtypes of CHD, the observed variability of SGA by subtypes suggests that growth restriction at birth in CHD may be due to different pathophysiological mechanisms.

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