Syphilis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Coinfection: Influence on CD4 T-Cell Count, HIV-1 Viral Load, and Treatment Response

Abstract Background Human immunodeficiency virus controllers (HICs) form a heterogeneous group of patients with regard to formal definitions, immunologic characteristics, and changes over time in viral load. Patients and Methods The HICs with undetectable viral load ([uHICs] ie, for whom a viral load had never been detected with routine assays; n = 52) were compared with 178 HICs with blips during the follow up (bHICs). Clinical characteristics, ultrasensitive HIV-ribonucleic acid (RNA) and HIV-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) loads, HIV1-Western blot profiles, and immune parameters were analyzed. Results Relative to bHICs, uHICs had significantly lower ultrasensitive plasma HIV-RNA loads (P < .0001) and HIV-DNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (P = .0004), higher CD4+ T-cell count (P = .04) at enrollment, and lower T-cell activation levels. Between diagnosis and inclusion in the cohort, the CD4+ T-cell count had not changed in uHICs but had significantly decreased in bHICs. Twenty-one percent of the uHICs lacked specific anti-HIV immunoglobulin G antibodies, and these individuals also had very low levels of HIV-DNA. Half of the uHICs had a protective human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele (-B57/58/B27), a weak CD8+ T-cell response, and very small HIV-DNA reservoir. Conclusions We suggest that an interesting HIC phenotype combines protective HLA alleles, low level of HIV blood reservoirs, and reduced immune activation. Prospective studies aimed at evaluating the benefit of combined antiretroviral therapy in HICs might take into account the identification of uHICs and bHICs.

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Once-daily Doravirine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1–Infected, Antiretroviral-naive Adults: An Integrated Efficacy Analysis

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz424 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (7) ◽

pp. 1344-1352 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chloe Orkin ◽

Jean-Michel Molina ◽

Johan Lombaard ◽

Edwin DeJesus ◽

Anthony Rodgers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽

Virus Type ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

AbstractBackgroundDoravirine (DOR) demonstrated noninferior efficacy to darunavir plus ritonavir (DRV+r) and efavirenz (EFV) in 2 ongoing phase 3 trials: DRIVE-FORWARD (NCT02275780) and DRIVE-AHEAD (NCT02403674).MethodsThis prespecified analysis pooled efficacy data through the first 48 weeks of DRIVE-FORWARD and DRIVE-AHEAD from the DOR groups (DOR/lamivudine [3TC]/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [TDF] or DOR [100 mg daily] with emtricitabine [FTC]/TDF or abacavir [ABC]/3TC [n = 747]) compared with DRV+r (800/100 mg daily) with FTC/TDF or ABC/3TC (n = 383) or EFV/FTC/TDF (600/200/300 mg daily; n = 364). Efficacy assessments included the proportion of participants with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA <50 copies/mL and change in CD4+ T-cell count.ResultsAt week 48, DOR demonstrated noninferior efficacy to DRV+r and EFV, with 84.1% of DOR-treated participants achieving HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL compared with 79.9% of the DRV+r and 80.8% of the EFV groups. Results were similar across demographic/prognostic subpopulations, including baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA, gender, race, and HIV-1 subtype. Mean increases from baseline in CD4+ T-cell count through 48 weeks were 195.5 cells/mm3 for DOR, 185.6 cells/mm3 for DRV+r, and 188.4 cells/mm3 for EFV/FTC/TDF.ConclusionsDOR, as a single entity (in combination with other antiretroviral agents) and as a fixed-dose combination (DOR/3TC/TDF), demonstrated noninferior efficacy to DRV+r and EFV as assessed by the proportion of HIV-1-infected, treatment-naive adults with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL.Clinical Trials RegistrationNCT02275780 and NCT02403674.

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EBV AND HHV-6 CIRCULATING SUBTYPES IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV IN BURKINA FASO, IMPACT ON CD4 T CELL COUNT AND HIV VIRAL LOAD

Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases ◽

10.4084/mjhid.2017.049 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 2017049 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lassina TRAORE ◽

Ouéogo NIKIEMA ◽

Abdoul Karim OUATTARA ◽

Tegwindé Rébéca COMPAORE ◽

Serge Théophile SOUBEIGA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Study Population ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) are responsible for severe diseases, particularly in immunocompromised persons. There are poor data on the infection with these opportunistic viruses in Burkina Faso.The purpose of this study is to characterize EBV and HHV-6 subtypes and to assess their impact on CD4 T cell count, HIV-1 viral load and antiretroviral treatment in people living with HIV-1.The study population consisted of 238 HIV-positive patients with information on CD4 count, HIV-1 viral load and HAART. Venous blood samples collected on EDTA tubes were used for EBV and HHV-6 Real Time PCR subtyping.An infection rate of 6.7% (16/238) and 7.1% (17/238) were found respectively for EBV and HHV-6 in the present study. Among EBV infections, similar prevalences were noted for both subtypes (3.9% [9/238] for EBV-1 vs 4.6% [11/238] for EBV-2) with 2.1% (5/238) of co-infection. HHV-6A infection represented 6.3% (15/238) of the study population against 5.0% (12/238) for HHV-6B. . EBV-2 infection was significantly higher in patients with CD4 count ≥ 500 compared to those with CD4 count less than 500 cells (1.65% vs 8.56%, p = 0,011). The prevalence of EBV and HHV-6 infections were almost similar in HAART-naive and HAART-experienced patients.The present study provides information on the prevalence of EBV and HHV-6 subtypes in people living with HIV-1 in Burkina Faso. The study also suggests that HAART treatment has no effect on infection with these opportunistic viruses in people living with HIV-1.

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Anti-cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G Is Linked to CD4 T-cell Count Decay in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Elite Controllers

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciaa1129 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Stephane Isnard ◽

Rayoun Ramendra ◽

John Lin ◽

Sanket Kant ◽

Brandon Fombuena ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Immunoglobulin G ◽

Human Leukocyte ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Elite Controllers ◽

Leukocyte Antigen ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

Abstract Elite controllers (ECs) are people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who spontaneously control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy. We observed that elevated anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels correlated with annual CD4 T-cell count decay in ECs independently of age, sex, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type. Elevated anti-CMV titers may favor disease progression in ECs.

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The Challenge of HIV-1 Genetic Diversity: Discordant CD4+ T-Cell Count and Viral Load in an Untreated Patient Infected With a Subtype F Strain

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes ◽

10.1097/qai.0b013e3181b72539 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 659-661 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Hector Bolivar ◽

Rebeca Geffin ◽

Gabriel Manzi ◽

Margaret A Fischl ◽

Vera Holzmayer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Viral Load ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Untreated Patient ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

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Role of HIV-1 phenotype in viral pathogenesis and its relation to viral load and CD4+ T-cell count

Journal of Medical Virology ◽

10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199811)56:3<259::aid-jmv14>3.0.co;2-9 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 259-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Bernd Kupfer ◽

Rolf Kaiser ◽

Jürgen Kurt Rockstroh ◽

Bertfried Matz ◽

Karl Eduard Schneweis

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Viral Pathogenesis ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

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Evaluation of the expression pattern of 4 microRNAs and their correlation with cellular/viral factors in PBMCs of Long Term non-progressors and HIV infected naïve Individuals

Current HIV Research ◽

10.2174/1570162x19666210906143136 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

Author(s):

Sogol Jamshidi ◽

Farah Bokharaei-Salim ◽

Javid Sadri Nahand ◽

Seyed Hamidreza Monavari ◽

Mohsen Moghoofei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Viral Load ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Expression Pattern ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Mirnas Expression ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

Background: Long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) are small subsets of HIV-infected subjects that can control HIV-1 replication for several years without receiving ART. The exact mechanism of HIV-1 suppression has not yet been completely elucidated. Although the modulatory role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in HIV-1 replication has been reported, their importance in LTNPs is unclear. Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the expression pattern of miR-27b, -29, -150, and -221, as well as their relationship with CD4+ T-cell count, HIV-1 viral load, and nef gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of untreated viremic patients and in LTNPs. Methods: MiRNAs expression levels were evaluated with real-time PCR assay using RNA isolated from PBMCs of LTNPs, HIV-1 infected naive patients, and healthy people. Moreover, CD4 T-cell count, HIV viral load, and nef gene expression were assessed. Results: The expression level of all miRNAs significantly decreased in the HIV-1 patient group compared to the control group, while the expression pattern of miRNAs in the LNTPs group was similar to that in the healthy subject group. In addition, there were significant correlations between some miRNA expression with viral load, CD4+ T-cell count, and nef gene expression. Conclusion: The significant similarity and difference of the miRNA expression pattern between LNTPs and healthy individuals as well as between elite controllers and HIV-infected patients, respectively, showed that these miRNAs could be used as diagnostic biomarkers. Further, positive and negative correlations between miRNAs expression and viral/cellular factors could justify the role of these miRNAs in HIV-1 disease monitoring.

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Continued Elevation of Interleukin-18 and Interferon-γ After Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy and Clinical Failure in a Diverse Multicountry Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cohort

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofw118 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ashwin Balagopal ◽

Nikhil Gupte ◽

Rupak Shivakoti ◽

Andrea L. Cox ◽

Wei-Teng Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Cell ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Cell Count ◽

Interferon Γ ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Clinical Failure ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

Abstract Background. We assessed immune activation after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation to understand clinical failure in diverse settings. Methods. We performed a case-control study in ACTG Prospective Evaluation of Antiretrovirals in Resource-Limited Settings (PEARLS). Cases were defined as incident World Health Organization Stage 3 or 4 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease or death, analyzed from ART weeks 24 (ART24) to 96. Controls were randomly selected. Interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible protein-10, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α, IFN-γ, and soluble CD14 (sCD14) were measured pre-ART and at ART24 in plasma. Continued elevation was defined by thresholds set by highest pre-ART quartiles (>Q3). Incident risk ratios (IRRs) for clinical progression were estimated by Poisson regression, adjusting for age, sex, treatment, country, time-updated CD4+ T-cell count, HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA), and prevalent tuberculosis. Results. Among 99 cases and 234 controls, median baseline CD4+ T-cell count was 181 cells/µL, and HIV RNA was 5.05 log10 cp/mL. Clinical failure was independently associated with continued elevations of IL-18 (IRR, 3.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–7.20), sCD14 (IRR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.02–4.62), and IFN-γ (IRR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01–0.61). Among 276 of 333 (83%) who were virologically suppressed at ART24, IFN-γ was associated with protection from failure, but the association with sCD14 was attenuated. Conclusions. Continued IL-18 and sCD14 elevations were associated with clinical ART failure. Interferon-γ levels may reflect preserved immune function.

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