Acculturation to Western Society as a Risk Factor for High Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analytic Review

Background: Stroke is a major chronic disease and a common cause of adult disability and mortality. Although there are many known risk factors for stroke, lower income is not one that is often discussed. Aims: To determine the unadjusted and adjusted association of income distribution on the prevalence of stroke in Saskatchewan, Canada. Methods: Information was collected from the Canadian Community Health Survey conducted by Statistics Canada for 2000–2008. In total, 178 variables were analysed for their association with stroke. Results: Prior to statistical adjustment, stroke was seven times more common for lower income residents than higher income residents. After statistical adjustment, only four covariates were independently associated with stroke prevalence, including having high blood pressure (odds ratio (OR) = 2.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.12–3.24), having a household income below CAD$30,000 per year (OR = 2.49; 95% CI = 1.88–3.29), being a daily smoker (OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.16–1.58) and being physically inactive (OR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.13–1.43). After statistical adjustment, there were five covariates independently associated with high blood pressure prevalence, including having a household income below CAD$30,000 per year (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.41–1.63). After statistical adjustment, there were five covariates independently associated with daily smoking prevalence, including having a household income below CAD$30,000 per year (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.25–1.33). Conclusions: Knowledge of disparities in the prevalence, severity, disability and mortality of stroke is critically important to medical and public health professionals. Our study found that income distribution was strongly associated with stroke, its main disease intermediary – high blood pressure – and its main risk factor – smoking. As such, income is an important variable worthy of public debate as a modifiable risk factor for stroke.

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A CASE STUDY ON ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION MANAGING THROUGH AYURVEDA W.S.R. RAKTAGATA VYAN VAISHAMYA

November 2020 - International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ◽

10.46607/iamj16p5042021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol p5 (4) ◽

pp. 2965-2968

Author(s):

Ruhi Zahir ◽

Iqbal Khan

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Essential Hypertension ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

High Blood Pressure ◽

Direct Reference ◽

Major Risk Factor ◽

End Stage

Essential hypertension is high blood pressure that doesn't have any known etiopathology. Most of sufferers (85%) are asymptomatic and as per available reports, in more than 95% cases of hypertension under lying cause is not found. It is estimated that 600 million people are affected worldwide. Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Its impact is greatest on stroke, MI and end stage is renal failure as it’s known as a Silent Killer. Hence there is no direct reference of hypertension in Ayurvedic classics by name as well as by its path physiological views. Many works have been carried out on hypertension to evaluate the perfect diagnosis and mode of treatment on the basis of Different nomenclatures also have been adopted by Ayurveda experts like Raktagata Vata, Raktagata Vyana Vaisamya, Uccha Rakta Chapa, Raktavrita Vata, Siragata Vata etc. Keywords: Essential hypertension, Raktagata Vyana Vaisamya, Uccha Rakta Chapa, Cardiovascular diseases, Silent Killer.

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Abstract 14615: The Preventable Causes of Cardiovascular Diseases in China: Comparative Risk Assessment of Dietary, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Risk Factors

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.132.suppl_3.14615 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Yanping Li ◽

Frank Hu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Risk Factor ◽

High Blood Pressure ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Metabolic Risk Factors ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Metabolic Risk ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Exposure Distribution

Background: fuelled by rapid urbanization and changes in dietary and lifestyle choices, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as the leading cause of death in China. Purposes: to estimate the CVD events that potentially contributed to 9 modifiable dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors in China. Methods: We used data on risk factor exposures in the Chinese population from nationally representative health surveys and CVD morbidity and mortality statistics from the China Health Statistical Yearbook and the National Population Census. We obtained the etiological effects of risk factors on CVD risk, by age, from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies. We estimated the number of CVD events attributable to all non-optimal levels of each risk factor exposure, by urban/rural, age and sex. Results: Based on the exposure distribution estimated by 2009 China Health Nutrition Survey, the population attributable risk (PAR) on CVD events was 47.3% for high blood pressure, 23.2%, for physical inactivity, 18.5% for smoking, 13.5 for high BMI, 13.0% for high LDL cholesterol, 11.8% for high blood glucose, 11.1% for low dietary intakes of fruit and vegetable, 7.1% for high sodium intake and 3.5% for low PUFA intake, which was 78.0%, 18.8%, 20.9%, 21.9%, 8.2%, 16.1%, 12.0%, 20.3% and 2.0%, respectively, based on exposure distribution of 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. In 2009, high blood pressure was responsible for 3.9 million CVD events, including 1.4 million CHD, 1.5 million ischemic strokes and 1 million hemorrhagic strokes. Large gender difference was found for PAR% of smoking (male 27.8%/female 6.5%). Conclusions: High blood pressure, smoking and physical inactivity, which all have effective interventions, are responsible for the largest number of CVD events in China. Other dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors for chronic diseases also cause a substantial number of CVD morbidity and mortality in China.

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