scholarly journals A note on Newton's measurements of film thicknesses and their corresponding (interference) colours

2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
General Reader ◽  
Comprehensive Review

Newton's Opticks is a classic of scientific literature which is readily accessible to the general reader and from which his powers of observation, measurement and deduction may be recognized unequivocally. The fourth (1730) edition, last reprinted by Dover Publications in 1979, includes a Preface by I. Bernard Cohen, a Foreword by Albert Einstein and an Introduction by Sir Edmund Whittaker. More recently A. Rupert Hall's All Was Light: An Introduction to Newton's Opticks 1 provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the book, its preparation and subsequent reception. The object of this note is to examine a small but significant part of Newton's work in the Opticks , that of his measurements of the thicknesses of air, water and muscovy glass (i.e. muscovite) films and their corresponding interference colours, which appear in Parts I and II of the second book.

Prone restraint cardiac arrest: A comprehensive review of the scientific literature and an explanation of the physiology

2021 ◽  
pp. 002580242098837
Author(s):  
Alon Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Prone Position ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Adult Individual ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Positional Asphyxia

Deaths occurring among agitated or violent individuals subjected to physical restraint have been attributed to positional asphyxia. Restraint in the prone position has been shown to alter respiratory and cardiac physiology, although this is thought not to be to the degree that would cause asphyxia in a healthy, adult individual. This comprehensive review identifies and summarizes the current scientific literature on prone position and restraint, including experiments that assess physiology on individuals restrained in a prone position. Some of these experimental approaches have attempted to replicate situations in which prone restraint would be used. Overall, most findings revealed that individuals subjected to physical prone restraint experienced a decrease in ventilation and/or cardiac output (CO) in prone restraint. Metabolic acidosis is noted with increased physical activity, in restraint-associated cardiac arrest and simulated encounters. A decrease in ventilation and CO can significantly worsen acidosis and hemodynamics. Given these findings, deaths associated with prone physical restraint are not the direct result of asphyxia but are due to cardiac arrest secondary to metabolic acidosis compounded by inadequate ventilation and reduced CO. As such, the cause of death in these circumstances would be more aptly referred to as “prone restraint cardiac arrest” as opposed to “restraint asphyxia” or “positional asphyxia.”

scholarly journals Opioids in the Management of HIV-Related Pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 3S;15 (3S;7) ◽  
pp. ES157-ES168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Krashin
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Opioid Dependence ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Opioid Treatment ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients have an increased rate of chronic pain, particularly peripheral neuropathy. This disease burden causes considerable disability and negatively affects quality of life. Pain is undertreated and more complex to manage in these patients for a number of reasons, including complex anti-retroviral drug regimens, higher risks of side effects, and higher rates of comorbid psychiatric illness and substance abuse. Pain management must take these factors into account and use all available modalities, including nonopioid pain relievers, adjuvant medications, and psychosocial therapies in addition to opioid analgesics. Here we review recent recommendations regarding acute and chronic opioid treatment of pain and the treatment of opioid dependence in HIV-infected patients, and provide suggestions regarding aberrant behavior in pain treatment. Objectives: The objective of this comprehensive review is to assess and summarize the complicating factors involved in treating HIV patients’ pain with opioid analgesics. Study Design: This is a narrative review without a systematic quality assessment of the literature discussion. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature relating to pain and pain treatment in HIV patients. The literature was collected from electronic databases, textbooks, and other sources. The scientific literature reviewed includes randomized trials, observational studies, systematic reviews, guidelines, and government reports. Results: This patient population is heterogeneous and diverse in their medical issues and comorbidities, but a systematic, stepwise approach to assessing and managing pain in HIV patients is described. Chronic opioid treatment has proven to be problematic and considerations and alternatives to this treatment are described. Management of pain in patients with opioid addiction, a frequent comorbidity of HIV infection, requires special awareness and different prescribing practices. Screening and identifying patients who are at special risk for developing medical or behavior complications of pain treatment is essential, and approaches to this, and common forms of aberrant behavior, are described. Limitations: The scientific literature on opioid treatment in this population is limited. The population of HIV patients is heterogeneous and differs in significant ways based on ethnicity, national origin, and mode of transmission, making it difficult to generalize about pain treatment in such a diverse group. Conclusions: Pain management in HIV patients must take these factors into account and use all available modalities for treatment, including nonopioid analgesics, adjuvant medications, and psychosocial therapies. Opioid analgesics should be prescribed with caution in accordance with current guidelines and after careful risk assessment. Key words: HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, acute pain, chronic pain, psychiatric comorbidity, opioid dependence, opioids, chronic opioid therapy, substance abuse.

General relativity, language, and learning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Briggs ◽  
Hans Halvorson ◽  
Andrew Steane
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Theological Reflection ◽  
General Reader ◽  
Learning Space

General relativity is the theory of space, time, and gravity introduced by Albert Einstein. The chapter introduces the concepts of this theory, for a general reader, with a view to showing how they offer useful wider perspectives on language and learning. Space–time is an elusive reality, never directly perceived yet always the arena for what is perceived. When space–time is itself malleable and dynamic, our attempts to probe it are fraught with the difficulty that we don’t initially know even what type of question we may be asking. The empirical answers teach us what our questions really mean. This offers useful metaphors and lessons in thinking, especially to the more subtle and more demanding task of theological reflection.

scholarly journals Advances in Rosin-Based Chemicals: the Latest Recipes, Applications and Future Trends

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szymon Kugler ◽  
Paula Ossowicz ◽  
Kornelia Malarczyk-Matusiak ◽  
Ewa Wierzbicka
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Curing Agents

A comprehensive review of the publications about rosin-based chemicals has been compiled. Rosin, or colophony, is a natural, abundant, cheap and non-toxic raw material which can be easily modified to obtain numerous useful products, which makes it an excellent subject of innovative research, attracting growing interest in recent years. The last extensive review in this research area was published in 2008, so the current article contains the most promising, repeatable achievements in synthesis of rosin-derived chemicals, published in scientific literature from 2008 to 2018. The first part of the review includes low/medium molecule weight compounds: Especially intermediates, resins, monomers, curing agents, surfactants, medications and biocides. The second part is about macromolecules: mainly elastomers, polymers for biomedical applications, coatings, adhesives, surfactants, sorbents, organosilicons and polysaccharides. In conclusion, a critical evaluation of the publications in terms of data completeness has been carried out with an indication of the most promising directions of rosin-based chemicals development.

Pharmacological Profile of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray: A Comprehensive Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manajit Bora ◽  
Sachchida N Upadhyay ◽  
Jayram Hazra ◽  
Lalrinpuia Kawlni
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Pharmacological Profile ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Active Constituents ◽  
Major Organ ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant

ABSTRACT Aim This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of pharmacological studies of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray. Moreover, the focus of this review is the possible exploitation of this species to treat different diseases and to suggest future investigations. Background Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray is an important medicinal plant whose leaf is the major organ used alone or in combination with other plants for the treatment of a wide variety of ailments. This plant has been a subject of research interest because of its various indigenous medicinal uses in many countries. Results Different pharmacological studies on T. deversifolia show that it possesses antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociception, analgesic, antidiarrheal, antimalarial, antihyperglycemic, and cancer chemopreventive activities due to the presence of different active constituents. Conclusion Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray extracts and their active constituents should be subjected to detailed mechanistic studies to fully understand the mode of action of the active constituents. Clinical significance Till date, there is no scientific literature/data regarding clinical trials of this plant except preclinical studies on different laboratory animals. How to cite this article Kawlni L, Bora M, Upadhyay SN, Hazra J. Pharmacological Profile of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray: A Comprehensive Review. J Drug Res Ayurvedic Sci 2017;2(3):183-187.

scholarly journals Deciduoid mesothelioma of the thorax: A comprehensive review of the scientific literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 848-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Paliogiannis ◽  
Carlo Putzu ◽  
Giorgio Carlo Ginesu ◽  
Maria Laura Cossu ◽  
Claudio Francesco Feo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Review

scholarly journals What are Gravitational waves?

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhanu Pratap Singh
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Reader ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Universe

The purpose of this article is not to present a popular history of mathematical physics nor even to display for the general reader some of the result of research in the history of science, Rather the intention is to explore one important aspect of the great scientific revaluation of recent times which proves the existence of Gravitational wave, predicted by Dr. Albert Einstein about a hundred years ago in his general theory of relativity. Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space time caused by some of the most violent and energetic processes in the universe. They are produced by catastrophic events such as colliding Black hole as well as the collapse of stellar super nova.

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