scholarly journals When numbers fail: do researchers agree on operationalization of published research?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 191354
Author(s):  
Matthias Haucke ◽  
Rink Hoekstra ◽  
Don van Ravenzwaaij

Current discussions on improving the reproducibility of science often revolve around statistical innovations. However, equally important for improving methodological rigour is a valid operationalization of phenomena. Operationalization is the process of translating theoretical constructs into measurable laboratory quantities. Thus, the validity of operationalization is central for the quality of empirical studies. But do differences in the validity of operationalization affect the way scientists evaluate scientific literature? To investigate this, we manipulated the strength of operationalization of three published studies and sent them to researchers via email. In the first task, researchers were presented with a summary of the Method and Result section from one of the studies and were asked to guess the hypothesis that was investigated via a multiple-choice questionnaire. In a second task, researchers were asked to rate the perceived quality of the study. Our results show that (1) researchers are better at inferring the underlying research question from empirical results if the operationalization is more valid, but (2) the different validity is only to some extent reflected in a judgement of the study's quality. These results combined give partial corroboration to the notion that researchers’ evaluations of research results are not affected by operationalization validity.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Haucke ◽  
Rink Hoekstra ◽  
Don van Ravenzwaaij

Current discussions on improving the reproducibility of science often revolve around statistical innovations. However, equally important for improving methodological rigour is a valid operationalisation of phenomena. Operationalisation is the process of translating theoretical constructs into measurable lab-quantities. Thus, the validity of operationalisation is central for the quality of empirical studies. But do differences in the validity of operationalisation affect the way scientists evaluate scientific literature? To investigate this, we adapted three published studies and manipulated the strength of operationalisation. We preregistered our planned study as a registered report. For each study, we designed two tasks in which the validity of the used operationalisation is manipulated and sent them to researchers via email. In the first task, researchers were presented with a summary of the Method and Result section from one of the studies and were asked to guess the hypothesis that was investigated via a multiple-choice questionnaire. In a second task, researchers were asked to rate the perceived quality of the study. Our results show that (1) researchers are better at inferring the underlying research question from empirical results if the operationalisation is more valid; but (2) the different validity is only to some extent reflected in a different judgment of the quality of the study. These results combined give partial evidence for the notion that researchers’ evaluations of research results are not affected by operationalisation validity.


Author(s):  
Darryl Coulthard ◽  
Susan Keller

Journal ranking systems are increasingly used to measure research performance of academics and universities. A growing number of academic commentators have voiced concerns of possible undesirable outcomes such as increased publication anxiety and an increase in safe and conforming research, but there have been few empirical studies on the possible effects. To address this gap, we surveyed Information Systems (IS) academics who published in one of three key IS conferences in 2013, to gather their views of the effects of journal ranking systems. Overall, we found that the concerns in the literature were strongly reflected in the views of those surveyed. Academics believe the system has greatly increased their publication anxiety. While most believed that the quality of published research had improved, researchers believe the ranking systems inhibit innovative, risky research, and encourages safe, conforming, mainstream research.


Author(s):  
V. A. Sushko

The work is devoted to the assessment of the perceived quality of life of the Russian people and its changes during the decade of the most prosperous economic development of Russia. The assessment of life quality and factors of its formation is intended to solve the fundamental and practical problems of social science. First of all, the assessment allows understanding the stage of development of the society and the characteristics of the achieved life quality in general and concerning its separate components; secondly, it helps understanding the influence of social system and state institutions over the conditions of life quality; thirdly, it shows the state of separate objective components of life quality; fourthly, it represents the way objective components of life quality determine the state of its subjective components – perceived quality of life and its components; finally, the state of the perceived life quality, its separate components and their influence over the state of social order in the society. The book covers the substantiation of the methodological and methodical approaches to the study of the perceived life quality of the population. Based on the results of empirical studies conducted in 2002, 2008 and 2012 according to a common methodology and method, the authors describe the changes in the state of the eight characteristics of the perceived life quality of the adult population of Russia which took place during the mentioned period: physical activity, the roles of physical and emotional problems in limitation of life activity, mental health, pain sense modality, general health, vitality, social activity and the contribution of the state of these parameters to the generalized index of life quality of the Russian population. The following factors of formation of the state of these characteristics were disclosed: gender, age, employment, average income per person in a family, education, marital status, place of residence. The authors define the influence of the state of the economy and economic situation in Russia in this period over the state of the perceived life quality.


Author(s):  
Matthew V Pachai ◽  
David DiBattista ◽  
Joseph A Kim

Multiple choice writing guidelines are decidedly split on the use of ‘none of the above’ (NOTA), with some authors discouraging and others advocating its use. Moreover, empirical studies of NOTA have produced mixed results. Generally, these studies have utilized NOTA as either the correct response or a distractor and assessed its effect on difficulty and discrimination. In these studies, NOTA commonly yields increased difficulty when it is used as the correct response, and no change in discrimination regardless of usage. However, when NOTA is implemented as a distractor, rarely is consideration given to the distractor that could have been written in its place. Here, we systematically replaced each distractor in a series of questions with NOTA across different versions of an Introductory Psychology examination. This approach allowed us to quantify the quality of each distractor based on its relative discrimination index and assess the effect of NOTA relative to the quality of distractor it replaced. Moreover, our use of large Introductory Psychology examinations afforded highly stable difficulty and discrimination estimates. We found that NOTA increased question difficulty only when it was the correct response, with no effect on difficulty of replacing any distractor type with NOTA. Moreover, we found that NOTA decreased discrimination when it replaced the most effective distractors, with no effect on discrimination of replacing either the correct response or lowest quality distractor with NOTA. These results replicate the common finding that inclusion of NOTA as the correct response increases question difficulty by equally luring high-performing and low-performing students toward distractors. Moreover, we have shown that including NOTA as a distractor can reduce discrimination if used in lieu of a well written alternative, suggesting that multiple choice authors should avoid using NOTA on multiple choice tests. Les guides de rédaction pour les questions à choix multiple sont incontestablement partagés sur l’usage de la réponse « aucune des situations ci-dessus ». Certains auteurs déconseillent de l’employer alors que d’autres préconisent de le faire. De plus, des études empiriques de l’emploi de cette expression ont mené à des résultats mitigés. En général, ces études ont utilisé l’option « aucune des situations ci-dessus » soit comme étant la réponse correcte soit comme distracteur et ont évalué ses effets sur la difficulté et le discernement. Dans ces études, la réponse « aucune des situations ci-dessus » mène généralement à une augmentation de la difficulté quand l’option est employée comme étant la réponse correcte et il n’y a aucun changement en ce qui concerne le discernement, quel que soit son usage. Toutefois, quand ce type d’option de réponse est utilisé en tant que distracteur, on trouve rarement une justification à l’emploi d’un distracteur qui aurait pu être utilisé à sa place. Dans le cas présent, nous avons systématiquement remplacé chaque distracteur dans une série de questions contenant l’option « aucune des situations ci-dessus » dans différentes versions d’un examen d’introduction à la psychologie. Cette approche nous a permis de quantifier la qualité de chaque distracteur sur la base de l’indice de son discernement relatif et d’évaluer les effets de l’option relative sur la qualité du distracteur qu’elle remplaçait. De plus, puisque nous avons utilisé de grands examens d’introduction à la psychologie, cela nous a permis de faire des estimations de la difficulté et du discernement hautement stables. Nous avons trouvé que l’emploi de l’option « aucune des situations ci-dessus » augmentait la difficulté de la question seulement lorsque cette option était la réponse correcte et qu’il n’avait aucun effet sur la difficulté présente lorsqu’on remplaçait n’importe quel type de distracteur par l’option « aucune des situations ci-dessus ». En outre, nous avons trouvé que l’emploi de l’option « aucune des situations ci-dessus » diminuait le discernement quand elle remplaçait les distracteurs les plus efficaces et qu’elle n’avait aucun effet sur le discernement quand elle remplaçait soit la réponse correcte soit le distracteur le moins plausible par l’option « aucune des situations ci-dessus ». Ces résultats reproduisent les conclusions communes selon lesquelles l’emploi de l’option « aucune des situations ci-dessus » comme étant la réponse correcte augmente la difficulté de la question car dans ce cas, tant les étudiants brillants que les étudiants médiocres sont leurrés de façon identique vers les distracteurs. Par surcroît, nous avons montré que le fait d’inclure l’option « aucune des situations ci-dessus » en tant que distracteur pouvait réduire le discernement si on l’utilisait à la place d’une alternative de réponse bien rédigée, ce qui suggère que les auteurs de questions à choix multiples devraient éviter d’utiliser l’option « aucune des situations ci-dessus » dans les examens à choix multiples.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Groncki ◽  
Jennifer L Beaudry ◽  
James D. Sauer

The way in which individuals think about their own cognitive processes plays an important role in various domains. When eyewitnesses assess their confidence in identification decisions, they could be influenced by how easily relevant information comes to mind. This ease-of-retrieval effect has a robust influence on people’s cognitions in a variety of contexts (e.g., attitudes), but it has not yet been applied to eyewitness decisions. In three studies, we explored whether the ease with which eyewitnesses recall certain memorial information influenced their identification confidence assessments and related testimony-relevant judgements (e.g., perceived quality of view). We manipulated the number of reasons participants gave to justify their identification (Study 1; N = 343), and also the number of instances they provided of a weak or strong memory (Studies 2a & 2b; Ns = 350 & 312, respectively). Across the three studies, ease-of-retrieval did not affect eyewitnesses’ confidence or other testimony-relevant judgements. We then tried—and failed—to replicate Schwarz et al.’s (1991) original ease-of-retrieval finding (Study 3; N = 661). In three of the four studies, ease-of-retrieval had the expected effect on participants’ perceived task difficulty; however, frequentist and Bayesian testing showed no evidence for an effect on confidence or assertiveness ratings.


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