scholarly journals A theory of colour vision

1916 ◽  
Vol 92 (642) ◽  
pp. 424-432 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
The Third ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Usual Procedure ◽  
Divergence Of Opinion ◽  
Colour Blindness ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Two Sides

At the present time there is no generally accepted theory of colour vision, and there is considerable divergence of opinion as to the tests which should be applied for colour blindness. The young-Helmholtz theory certainly explains the facts of colour mixing, but it is doubtful whether we can deduce from these facts the existence of three primary colour sensations. For, if we represent colours by particles on a plane, making the masses of the particles proportional to the luminosities of the colours, and represent mixtures of these colours by the rule for determining the centre of gravity of the particles, as is done on Newton's colour diagram, then, if any triangle be drawn enclosing all the possible points, its corners may be taken as representing the three primary colours, and these corners may take up an infinite number of positions. The usual procedure is to make two sides of this triangle fit the curve representing the spectrum as closely as possible, and take two corners of the triangle on the ends of the curve. Two of the primary Colours are then definite colours of the spectrum, while the third is a sensation which can never be produced pure. But there is a certain amount of arbitrariness about this proceeding.

THE COLOUR VISION DEFICIENCIES AMONG STUDENTS OF HUE SECONDARY SCHOOL OF TRANSPORTATION

2013 ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Thi Anh Thu Nguyen ◽  
Thi Mai Dung Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Visual Disabilities ◽  
Occupation Group ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Colour Blindness ◽  
Critical Requirement

Background: Colorblind disability causes difficulties for people in daily life. Derived from the critical requirement to detect the patients in order to help prevent inappropriate careers, especially careers related to transportation, this research aim to determine the situations and the distributions of different types of visual disabilities. Materials: 1174 students (787 boys and 387 girls) including 2 groups: occupation group and transportation group were tested with ISHIHARA chromatic plates for colour vision deficiencies (CVD) (CVD iclude the total colour blindness, red- green blindness, red-blindness, green- blindness). The results are showed as follow: (i) Frequency of CVD boys among boy group is 4.70%; (ii) Frequency of CVD girls among girls group is 2.58%; (iii) In boy group, among 3 types of red- green blindness, the green-blindness has the higher frequency (3.18%) comparision with these ones of the red- green blindness and red-blindness. The total colour defiency was hardly; (iv) Frequency of CVD students among occupation group is 4.15%; (v) Frequency of CVD students among transportation group is 3.83%.

150 Years of Das Kapital and No End in Sight. Unsystematic Remarks on a Never-Ending Story

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-46
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Monetary Theory ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
The Masses

Michael Heinrich, one of the leading Marx scholars, provides a general introduction into Das Kapital with emphasis on the latest interpretations of it. The circumstances surrounding its writing and publication are shown to have interfered with an adequate appreciation of it. The formal structure and organization of the first volume are obstacles to readers and demand much from their education and intellect. The article summarizes the basic trajectories of Marx’s criticisms of political economy, including the critique of naturalizing social forms arising under capitalism and Marx’s original monetary theory of value. The author disentangles Marx’s Das Kapital from views mistakenly ascribed to it, such as the idea that value is determined solely by labor and the prediction of pauperization of the masses. First, Marx’s theory of value goes well beyond explaining prices under capitalism. Second, his main prophecy concerned the inevitable growth of inequality between the masters of capital and the employed classes and did not forecast impoverishment. The paper also points out that the sequence of publication of different volumes of Das Kapital caused lacunae in interpreting Marx’s oeuvre. For instance Engels’ efforts made the third volume more accessible to readers but also obscured the overall pattern of Marx’s thinking. the article shows that Das Kapital was a dynamic and fluctuating project to such an extent that Marx himself several times revisited his views of the causes of economic crises and falling profits and also intended to deal extensively with ecological issues. Reaching an adequate understanding of the theory contained in Das Kapital cannot depend on the manuscripts of those volumes alone. Marx’s notebooks, which have only recently published, are an indispensable aid to understanding it.

Into the Maze of Tribalism 2004–6

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
The Third ◽  
Two Sides

Chapter 5 reconstructs the course and the dynamics of the first three rounds of the Houthi conflict, also called the ‘Ṣaʿdah War’, from its eruption in June 2004 until the February 2006 ceasefire, which successfully brought the third Ṣaʿdah War to a halt and ushered into several months of detente. It shows how, in the course of the war, the sectarian and social-revolutionary thrust of Houthism began to fuse with existing open and latent conflicts in Yemen’s North, a process that led to an enormous expansion of the war’s scope and magnitude. It analyses the course of the war’s first three rounds, the composition of the national military and Houthi armed forces, their respective supporters and opponents among the local tribes, and attempts at mediation between the two sides.

scholarly journals XI. Remarks on colour-blindness

1860 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 72-84 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Habits Of Mind ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Colour Blindness

I consider this paper as in many respects an exceedingly valuable contribution to our knowledge of the curious subject ot colour-blindness—1st, because it is the only clear and consecutive account of that affection which has yet been given by a party affected, in possession of a knowledge of what has yet been said and written on it by others, and of the theories advanced to account for it, and who, from general education and habits of mind, is in a position to discuss his own case scientifically; and 2ndly, for the reasons the author himself alleges why such a person is really more favourably situated for describing the phenomena of colour-blindness, than any normaleyed person can possibly be. It is obvious that on the very same principle that the latter considers himself entitled to refer all his perceptions of colour to three primary or elementary sensations—whether these three be red, blue, and yellow, as Mayer (followed in this respect by the generality of those who have written on colours) has done, or red, green, and violet, as suggested by Dr. Young, reasoning on Wollaston’s account of the appearance of the spectrum to his eyes—on the very same principle is a person in Mr. Pole’s condition, or one of any other description of abnormal colour-vision, quite equally entitled to be heard, when he declares that he refers his sensations of colour to two primary elements, whose combination in various proportions he recognizes, or thinks he recognizes, in all hues presented to him, and which, if he pleases to call yellow and blue, no one can gainsay him; though, whether these terms express to him the same sensations they suggest to us, or whether his sensation of light with absence of colour corresponds to our white, is a question which must for ever remain open (although I think it probable that such is really the case). All we are entitled to require on receiving such testimony is, that the party giving it should have undergone that sort of education of the sight and judgement , especially with reference to the prismatic decomposition of natural and artificial colours, for want of which the generality of persons whose vision is unimpeachably normal, appear to entertain very confused notions, and are quite incapable of discussing the subject of colour in a manner satisfactory to the photologist.

Exploiting Hitler’s Magic

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Kurlander
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Book Of Revelation ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
The Third ◽  
Political Campaigning ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter illustrates how the National Socialist Workers' Party (NSDAP) appropriated supernatural ideas in order to appeal to ordinary Germans, enlisting the help of occultists and horror writers in shaping propaganda and political campaigning. By exploiting the supernatural imaginary, Hitler tied his political mission into something out of the Book of Revelation, as one ‘divinely chosen’ to create the Third Reich. The chapter then looks at three case studies. The first assesses Hitler's approach to politics through his reading of Ernst Schertel's 1923 occult treatise, Magic: History, Theory, Practice. The second considers the NSDAP's propaganda collaboration with the horror writer, Hanns Heinz Ewers. The third delves into the relationship between the NSDAP and Weimar's most popular ‘magician’, Erik Hanussen. In coopting Schertel's magic, enlisting Ewers, and forming an alliance with Hanussen, the Nazis diverted the masses from objective reality and toward the coming Third Reich.

A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study to Estimate the Prevalence and Sex Distribution of Colour Vision Deficiency among School Going Children Attending a Tertiary Eye Care Center in Kolkata City, West Bengal, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (32) ◽  
pp. 2962-2967
Author(s):  
Rinki Saha ◽  
Indrajit Sarkar ◽  
Tamojit Chatterjee ◽  
Sandip Samaddar ◽  
Suman Chandra Sen
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sex Distribution ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Colour Vision Deficiency ◽  
Cone Pigments ◽  
Normal Colour ◽  
Colour Blindness

BACKGROUND Colour vision is a function of three types of cone pigments present in the retina. Colour vision deficiency is an important disorder of vision that may pose a handicap to the performance of an affected individual. The prevalence of colour blindness varies in different geographical areas. The identification and estimation of the prevalence of colour vision deficiency in school-going children will help to educate and guide the caregivers to help the children in selecting their profession. This study was done to estimate the prevalence, sex distribution, and types of colour vision deficiency among school-going children of 5 to 15 years. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was done among 500 students to evaluate the colour vision during the period from 1st January 2018 to 30th June 2019 at the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Kolkata. Ishihara’s pseudo isochromatic colour vision chart 38th edition was used to assess the school children for colour vision status. The children who were found to be colour blind were further classified into degree and types of colour vision deficiency. RESULTS A total of 500 students (250 male & 250 female) of surrounding schools, in the age group of 5 years to 15 years, were screened. 480 students (96 %) had normal colour vision while 20 (4 %) students were found to have defective colour vision. Prevalence (4 %) for colour blindness was found to be higher in males (3.6 %) than females (0.4 %). It was observed that out of 20 (4 %) colour-blind subjects 3.6 % were protanopes and 0.4 % were deuteranopes. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows the prevalence of colour blindness found to be quite low (4 %) and more common in males (3.6 %) in comparison to females (0.4 %). Protanomaly (3.6 %) was more common than deuteranomaly (0.4 %). KEYWORDS Colour Blindness, Protanomaly, Deuteranomaly, School Children

Parleying with the Devil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaj Trifković ◽  
Klaus Schmider
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
The Devil ◽  
Second World

The Second World War in Yugoslavia is notorious for the brutal struggle between the armed forces of the Third Reich and the communist-led Partisans. Less known is the fact that the two sides negotiated prisoner exchanges virtually since the beginning of the war. Under extraordinary circumstances, these early contacts evolved into a formal exchange agreement, centered on the creation of a neutral zone—quite possibly the only such area in occupied Europe—where prisoners were regularly exchanged until late April 1945, saving thousands of lives. The leadership of both sides used the contacts for secret political talks, for which they were nearly branded as traitors by their superiors in Berlin and Moscow. This book is the first comprehensive analysis of prisoner exchanges and the accompanying contacts between the German occupation authorities and the Yugoslav Partisans. Specifically, the book will argue that prisoner exchange had a decisive influence on the POW policies of both sides and helped reduce the levels of violence for which this theater of war became infamous. It will also show that the contacts, contrary to some claims, did not lead to collusion between these two parties against either other Yugoslav factions or the Western Allies.

The Council

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-149
Author(s):  
Vivien A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
European Council ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Many ◽  
Mutual Accountability ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Input Legitimacy

Chapter 5 discusses the pathway to legitimacy of the European Council (and the Council), with a special focus on Germany’s predominance through “one size fits one” rules. The chapter begins with an analysis of the Council’s particular sources of power and grounds for throughput legitimacy in Eurozone governance. It questions member-state leaders’ assumptions about their representativeness (input legitimacy), then asks if they meet the requirements of deliberative mutual accountability (throughput legitimacy) or even whether Germany fits the criteria expected of a benevolent hegemon. Next the chapter discusses the Janus-faced public perceptions of Council crisis governance. These are divided between views of the Council as an unaccountable (German) dictatorship or as a mutually accountable deliberative body (in the shadow of Germany). This part first presents the Council as an unaccountable dictatorship by detailing the ways in which Germany was predominant on its own and/or in tandem with a weaker France. It then counters with a discussion of the Council as a mutually accountable deliberative body, by charting not only the many instances in which member states agreed with German preferences but also where Germany acquiesced to those of other member states. The chapter ends with an examination of the actions of the Council (in particular the Eurogroup of Finance Ministers) and the Troika (IMF, Commission, and ECB) with regard to the program countries. This can be seen as two sides of the same coin: harsh dictatorship (especially the third Greek bailout) or deliberative authoritarianism (eg, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus and Greece in the second bailout).

scholarly journals On colour-vision by very weak light

1905 ◽  
Vol 76 (508) ◽  
pp. 199-216 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Colour Vision ◽  
Absolute Threshold ◽  
Separate Paper ◽  
Weak Light ◽  
Colour Blindness ◽  
The Absolute

In my paper on Artifical Temporary Colour-Blindness, I wrote:— “Herting’s black-white sensation I have not found, but the evidence for and against it is of a somewhat different character, and I propose to discuss it in a separate paper.” Hering’s theory, as is well known, rests partly on the statement that, under a very feeble illumination, all colours appear grey—that there is an interval between the chromatic threshold and the absolute threshold of light sensation—and his statement is supposed by a number of experiments by various observers, which have been received as classical.

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