Dielectric dispersion in pure polar liquids at very high radio frequencies - III.The effect of electrolytes in solution

The results of the measurements at centimetre and millimetre wave-lengths on the dielectric properties of water, methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol described in part I are analyzed. There is no evidence that, for any of these liquids, more than a single relaxation time as a function of temperature is required to account for the dispersion arising from dipole rotation. It is suggested that the observed behaviour of the two alcohols at wave-lengths near to 1 cm, which appears not to conform with the hypothesis of a single relaxation time, is in fact the consequence of resonance absorption. If it is supposed that in dipole rotation and viscous flow the molecules have to surmount potential energy barriers, then it appears that, in each of the liquids examined, the heights of the barriers concerned in the two processes are identical; but the ‘frequency factor’ associated with such processes is much larger for viscous flow than for dipole rotation.

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Dielectric dispersion in pure polar liquids at very high radio-frequencies I. Measurements on water, methyl and ethyl alcohols

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.1952.0134 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 213 (1114) ◽

pp. 400-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Absorption Coefficient ◽

Radio Frequency ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Dielectric Dispersion ◽

Wave Guide ◽

Electrical Characteristics ◽

Polar Liquids ◽

Radio Frequency Energy ◽

Very High

The results are given of some measurements of the absorption coefficient and refractive index of water, methyl and ethyl alcohols at wave-lengths of 6·2 mm, 1·24 cm and 3·21 cm over the temperature range —10 to 50°C, including some observations on water in the supercooled state. The method used is based upon the fact that the rate of attenuation of radio-frequency energy along a wave-guide filled with the liquid is dependent upon both the absorption coefficient and the refractive index when the guide is operated near to the cut-off condition. The electrical characteristics of water vary in a continuous manner through the normal freezing-point of 0°C down to at least —8°C. The measurements indicate that both alcohols, like water, have relatively high atomic polarizations.

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Defect-Mediated Conductivity Enhancements in Na3-xPn1-xWxS4 (Pn = P, Sb) using Aliovalent Substitutions

10.26434/chemrxiv.9943961.v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Till Fuchs ◽

Sean Culver ◽

Paul Till ◽

Wolfgang Zeier

Keyword(s):

Ionic Conductivity ◽

Vacancy Concentration ◽

Sodium Ion ◽

High Ionic Conductivity ◽

Ionic Conductors ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Solid State Batteries ◽

Ion Conducting ◽

Very High

The sodium-ion conducting family of Na3PnS4, with Pn = P, Sb, have gained interest for the use in solid-state batteries due to their high ionic conductivity. However, significant improvements to the conductivity have been hampered by the lack of aliovalent dopants that can introduce vacancies into the structure. Inspired by the need for vacancy introduction into Na3PnS4, the solid solutions with WS42- introduction are explored. The influence of the substitution with WS42- for PS43- and SbS43-, respectively, is monitored using a combination of X-ray diffraction, Raman and impedance spectroscopy. With increasing vacancy concentration improvements resulting in a very high ionic conductivity of 13 ± 3 mS·cm-1 for Na2.9P0.9W0.1S4 and 41 ± 8 mS·cm-1 for Na2.9Sb0.9W0.1S4 can be observed. This work acts as a stepping-stone towards further engineering of ionic conductors using vacancy-injection via aliovalent substituents.

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Defect-Mediated Conductivity Enhancements in Na3-xPn1-xWxS4 (Pn = P, Sb) using Aliovalent Substitutions

10.26434/chemrxiv.9943961.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Till Fuchs ◽

Sean Culver ◽

Paul Till ◽

Wolfgang Zeier

Keyword(s):

Ionic Conductivity ◽

Vacancy Concentration ◽

Sodium Ion ◽

High Ionic Conductivity ◽

Ionic Conductors ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Solid State Batteries ◽

Ion Conducting ◽

Very High

The sodium-ion conducting family of Na3PnS4, with Pn = P, Sb, have gained interest for the use in solid-state batteries due to their high ionic conductivity. However, significant improvements to the conductivity have been hampered by the lack of aliovalent dopants that can introduce vacancies into the structure. Inspired by the need for vacancy introduction into Na3PnS4, the solid solutions with WS42- introduction are explored. The influence of the substitution with WS42- for PS43- and SbS43-, respectively, is monitored using a combination of X-ray diffraction, Raman and impedance spectroscopy. With increasing vacancy concentration improvements resulting in a very high ionic conductivity of 13 ± 3 mS·cm-1 for Na2.9P0.9W0.1S4 and 41 ± 8 mS·cm-1 for Na2.9Sb0.9W0.1S4 can be observed. This work acts as a stepping-stone towards further engineering of ionic conductors using vacancy-injection via aliovalent substituents.

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Density-composition tables for aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and of calcium chloride

10.3403/30306196u ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Aqueous Solutions ◽

Calcium Chloride

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The metachor as a characteristic of the association of electrolytes in aqueous solutions

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19841061 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 1061-1078 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jiří Čeleda ◽

Stanislav Škramovský

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solutions ◽

Apparent Volume ◽

Solutions Of Electrolytes ◽

Molal Volumes ◽

The Difference ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Experimental Values ◽

Suitable Characteristic ◽

Association Of Ions ◽

Very High

Based on the earlier paper introducing a concept of the apparent parachor of a solute in the solution, we have eliminated in the present work algebraically the effect which is introduced into this quantity by the additivity of the apparent molal volumes. The difference remaining from the apparent parachor after substracting the contribution corresponding to the apparent volume ( for which the present authors suggest the name metachor) was evaluated from the experimental values of the surface tension of aqueous solutions for a set of 1,1-, 1,2- and 2,1-valent electrolytes. This difference showed to be independent of concentration up to the very high values of the order of units mol dm-3 but it was directly proportional to the number of the free charges (with a proportionality factor 5 ± 1 cm3 mol-1 identical for all studied electrolytes). The metachor can be, for this reason, a suitable characteristic for detection of the association of ions and formation of complexes in the solutions of electrolytes, up to high concentrations where other methods are failing.

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Dielectric dispersion in viscous polar liquids

1956 Conference on Electrical Insulation ◽

10.1109/cei.1956.7540447 ◽

1956 ◽

Author(s):

J. W. Winslow ◽

R. J. Good ◽

P. E. Berghausen

Keyword(s):

Dielectric Dispersion ◽

Polar Liquids

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THE SOLUBLE PROTEINS OF THE MUSCLE TISSUE OF THE HADDOCK

Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries ◽

10.1139/f31-001 ◽

1931 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. F. LOGAN

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Aqueous Solutions ◽

Muscle Tissue ◽

Soluble Protein ◽

Potassium Phosphate ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Tabular Form ◽

Water Soluble Protein ◽

Isoelectric Points

As a contribution to the chemistry of muscle tissue, the solubility of the protein of haddock muscle in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and neutral potassium phosphate, respectively, was determined. The results are expressed in tabular form and graphically in the form of solubility curves. A water-soluble protein and also a salt-soluble protein were isolated from dialyzed haddock muscle by extraction methods. These proteins were obtained in a comparatively pure condition by precipitation from solution in the region of their isoelectric points.

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