LACTOSE-FERMENTING BACTERIA FROM THE INTESTINAL CONTENTS OF MARINE FISH

From 112 marine fishes examined for the presence of lactose-fermenting bacteria, 31 strains were isolated which produced acid and gas in this sugar and 3 which produced acid only.Ten strains belonged to the genus Aerobacter, 8 being Aer. aerogenes and 2 probably varieties of Aer. cloacae. Nine were soil types and the relationship of one was doubtful.Of 24 Escherichia types, 8 were faecal mammalian strains and one was doubtful. These belonged to the species Esch. coli, Esch. communior, Esch. grünthali and Bact. immobilis. One was found in a haddock taken 3 miles offshore; the others were found in fish taken in contaminated waters or near shore.Esch. coli, Esch. communior and Aer. aerogenes are not normal inhabitants of the intestinal tracts of marine fish.

PHILONEMA ONCORHYNCHI NOV. GEN. ET SPEC.

A new dracunculoid nematode, occurring in the sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, of British Columbia.

COD MOVEMENTS ON THE CANADIAN ATLANTIC COAST

From 1925 to 1933 inclusive, during the summer season, 8,774 cod were tagged at eight points along the coasts of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island and eight per cent were recaptured during the following years, none after the sixth.Cod performing a restricted migration (less than 40 kilometres) were found to be in the majority off Halifax from July to September and off Shelburne in June and August in certain areas.Near Seal island in June, off Shelburne in July and September, and off Glace Bay in July and August, the majority of the cod were found to show orderly extended migrations. In the first two instances this movement was shoreward in the summer and seaward to about 130 metres in the early winter. The Glace Bay cod moved from the offshore banks just west of the Laurentian channel to the Cape Breton vicinity in the summer, returning early in the winter.A small percentage of the various stocks of cod performed roving migrations.The complete forsaking of the Cape Breton district for the offshore banks in the winter is attributed to the unfavourable ice cold water, while south-westward of Canso the movement off shore is thought to be caused by the very warm water inshore in the autumn and continued through the influence of the cold inshore waters several months later.As they grow older, the Shelburne cod remain progressively a little farther off shore when they move to shoal water each summer.

THE RELATION BETWEEN COIL AREA, TEMPERATURE OF COOLING MEDIUM AND DEHYDRATION IN A COLD STORAGE ROOM

In studies with a small scale cold storage room of ordinary type a relation was obtained between coil area and temperature of brine for a constant room temperature and given outside conditions. The dehydrating effect in the room was found to decrease as the cooling coil area was increased. As the evaporating area of stored material was increased the dehydration per unit area was found to decrease slightly, and at different temperature levels the dehydration for a constant temperature difference between inside and outside air was found to correspond closely to the capacity of air for holding moisture at the respective temperature levels.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LIFE HISTORY AND PROPAGATION OF THE SOCKEYE SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA) AT CULTUS LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA: No. 4. THE LIFE HISTORY CYCLE OF THE 1925 YEAR CLASS WITH NATURAL PROPAGATION

Eggs spawned naturally by 3,883 females in 1925 were estimated as amounting to 17,470,000. Approximately 12,500 fry (0.07% of eggs) migrated to sea in 1926, 183,272 yearlings (1.05%) in 1927, and 1,722 two-year-olds (0.01%) in 1928, making 1.13% in all. Returning fish consisted of no three-year (32 group), 4,463 four-year (42 group), and 1,112 five-year fish (no 52 group, all being of the 53 group). None of the fish was reported returning to other spawning areas.

CALCULATIONS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF OILS AND FATS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FISH OILS: PART I

Equations relating total iodine values and equivalents of mixtures of esters of the fatty acids to those of the individual esters are given. Together with a knowledge of the percentages of saturated esters these equations enable the composition of simple mixtures (refractionations of the lower-boiling fractions) to be deduced from the iodine values and equivalents. In the case of the more highly unsaturated fractions where the data are not sufficient to lead to an estimate of the amounts of the individual esters in the mixture, a partial solution has been given by grouping the esters according to carbon content and calculating the average unsaturations of these groups. The computations are illustrated with data taken from a paper by Guha, Hilditch and Lovern, the results being expressed in percentages by weight, but for the sake of completeness the method of calculating molecular percentages is also illustrated. Also a method of correcting the data of the lower-boiling fractions is suggested and by means of actual data the effect of errors in the data on the estimated composition of a fraction is shown.

THE SURVIVAL TIME OF TISSUE KEPT AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

Strips of gastric muscle preserved at 0 °C., 5 °C., 10 °C., 15 °C., 20 °C., which had to be obtained under three vastly different conditions, had the same survival time. Thus at 0 °C. the survival time was 324 hours, at 5 °C. 132 hours, at 10 °C. 50 hours, at 15 °C. 38 hours, at 20 °C. 30 hours. Q10 between 20 °C. and 10 °C. equals 1.66, between 15 °C. and 5 °C. equals 3.47, and between 10 °C. and 0 °C. equals 6.48.

EFFECTS OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON THE GROWTH OF MARINE BACTERIA

Growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Flavobacterium deciduosum, and B. vulgatus (all of marine origin) in buffered nutrient broth at 37°, 20°, 5°, 0° and −3 °C. has been followed quantitatively by means of plate counts. Maximum crops were obtained at 5 °C. in all cases, and higher total crops at 0° and −3° than at 37° and 20°. Maximum crop yield is considered a better criterion for optimum growth temperature than the growth rate during logarithmic growth. These marine bacteria are therefore considered to be truly psychrophilic.

BIOLOGICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN HUDSON BAY: 10. MARINE ALGAE FROM HUDSON BAY

Sixty-eight collections of marine algae made during the summers of 1927 to 1930 inclusive gave only one hundred and seventy one identifications, comprising forty species, none peculiar to this region alone. The distribution and appearance of the plants indicate that the algal association of Hudson bay is estuarial and arctic.

CITHARICHTHYS STIGMAEUS AS A POSSIBLE INTERMEDIATE HOST OF GILQUINIA SQUALI (FABRICIUS)

Feeding cysts from Citharichthys to Squalus gave tapeworms considered as G. squall.