scholarly journals Trypanosomes of the domestic animals Nyasaland. I. Trypanosoma simiœ, sp. nov. Part II.—The susceptibility of various animals to T. simiœ

1913 ◽  
Vol 87 (592) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Low Country ◽  
Interesting Species

In a previous paper the morphology of this interesting species of trypanosome was described, and it is now proposed to give an account of its action on animals. One of the first interesting points to be noted about this species is that, as far as is known, the warthog ( Phacochœrus œtheopicus ) is the only animal among the wild game of this district which harbours it. It is probable that it will also be found in the blood of the bush-pig, but not a single specimen of this animal has as yet been obtained by the Commission. The warthog is numerous in the low country in this neighbourhood, which accounts for the large number of tsetse flies found to be infected with Trypanosoma simiœ .

scholarly journals Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in Uganda. III.—Trypanosoma vivax ( Ziemann )

1910 ◽  
Vol 83 (561) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosoma Vivax ◽  
The South ◽  
Lake Shore ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Government ◽  
Interesting Species ◽  
The Way

This interesting species of trypanosome appears to be widely distributed in Uganda. It was first discovered by the Commission in two cattle which came from Kavirondo, the district lying to the north-east of Victoria Nyanza. These oxen were driven to Kampala round the north end of the Lake, and probably became infected on the way. Then the Government Transport Department lost many of their oxen from this trypanosome. They were worked between Kampala, the native capital, and Luzira, the port on the Lake-shore, which lies about seven miles to the south-east. When the epidemic. broke out these cattle were kraaled near the Lake-shore, along which they were allowed to graze, and where tsetse-flies are numerous. Afterwards, at the suggestion of the Commission, they were kraaled at Kampala, when the epidemic stopped, and no more deaths from Trypanosoma vivax occurred among them.

scholarly journals Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in Nyasaland. III.—Trypanosoma pecorum

1913 ◽  
Vol 87 (592) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Wild Game

This trypanosome has been found in the neighbourhood of the camp at Kasu, in cattle, wild game and wild tsetse flies. In a herd of cattle belonging to the Mvera Mission, which lies about two miles to the east, 32 per cent. were found to be infected by this disease. The mission station is built near the edge of the “fly-country,” and there is little doubt that the cattle were at times exposed to the bite of the “fly.” After the disease had been discovered to be present in the herd the animals were prevented from grazing in the direction of the danger, and since then no new cases have occurred. It is also the species of trypanosome most commonly found in the blood of the wild game in this district, and consequently the tsetse fly is found infected with it more frequently than with any other. It is one of the most important trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in Central Africa, as it affects them all—horses, cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, and dogs. Morphology of Trypanosoma pecorum. The description already given of this species of trypanosome as regards its movements and appearance when alive, its shape, contents of cell, etc., when stained, are applicable to the species as it occurs in Nyasaland and need not be repeated.

scholarly journals Infectivity of glossina morsitans in Nyasaland during 1912 and 1913

1914 ◽  
Vol 88 (600) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Low Country ◽  
The Future ◽  
Set Up

The object of this paper is to attempt to set up a rough standard of the proportion of infected to non-infected tsetse flies in an ordinary “fly-area” where wild game abounds. It is thought that a standard of this kind may prove useful in the future. The flies were collected in the low country lying near the Commission’s camp at Kasu, in what is known as the “Proclaimed” or Sleeping-Sickness Area of Nyasaland. This bit of country swarms with Glossina morsitans and wild game, the latter highly infected and well protected.

scholarly journals Morphology of various strains of the trypanosome causing disease in man in Nyasaland. I.–The human strain

1913 ◽  
Vol 86 (587) ◽  
pp. 285-302 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
African Species ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Wild Game

In order to gain a general idea of this important species of trypanosome, it will be necessary to study as many individual strains as possible. It may be thought unnecessary to describe each strain so much in detail, but without this it will be impossible to get any order out of the chaos which rules at present in the classification of the African species of trypanosomes pathogenic to man and the domestic animals. Up to the present the Commission have only had an opportunity of working with five human strains. Four of these are from natives infected in the Sleeping-Sickness Area, Nyasaland, the fifth from an European who contracted the disease in Portuguese East Africa. It is intended, in later papers, to describe five strains from wild game and the same number from the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans .

scholarly journals Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in Nyasaland. II. —Trypanosoma capræ (Kleine)

1913 ◽  
Vol 86 (587) ◽  
pp. 278-284 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Clear Cell ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Large Round

This species belongs to the vivax group, which consists of three species:— Trypanosoma uniforme, T. vivax , and T. capræ . They are all characterised by their extreme motility; clear cell contents; large, round, terminal micronucleus; and lastly, by the fact that the vivax group only infects cattle, goats, and sheep, and is harmless to the smaller laboratory animals. All three develop in the proboscis of the tsetse flies and not in the alimentary tract, as do other pathogenic trypanosomes. T. vivax is stated to be pathogenic to horses, mules, and donkeys, but there has been no opportunity of testing these animals at Kasu with T. capræ .

The Distribution of Tsetse-flies in the Sudan

1930 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Tsetse Flies

In the Sudan, as in other parts of Africa, where tsetse-flies (Glossina) are known to occur, the distribution of the species is always a matter of considerable interest, owing to the fact that some are known to be disseminators of disease and others are suspected as being possible carriers. Of the twenty species so far recorded from the continent of Africa, nine have been experimentally proved to be capable of transmitting trypanosomes pathenogenic to man or his domestic animals. As yet only five species have been found in the Sudan, namely, G. palpalis fuscipes, G. morsitans, G. longipennis, G. fusca and G. fuscipleuris, and of these the first four are known to be carriers of trypanosomiasis.

scholarly journals Animal Bones and Bone Artefacts from the Viking Age Site of Tornimäe in Saaremaa

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 41-58
Author(s):  
Heidi Luik ◽  
Liina Maldre
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Fish Bones ◽  
Metal Artefacts ◽  
Animal Bones

Archaeological investigations in Tornimäe in the eastern part of the island Saaremaa took place in 1963, 1968 and 2004. Artefacts found during the excavations are mainly dated to the Viking Age. Most of the finds are pottery shards, some metal artefacts were found, and also animal bones. The majority of mammal bones are bones of domestic animals. Nearly half of these are caprine bones, bones of cattle, pig and horse are less numerous. Wild game bones are few, only seals were hunted more often. Bird and fish bones are also represented. Only a few bone artefacts were among the finds, more fragments of bone items were found among the animal bones during the identification of osteological material. The bone artefacts found in Tornimäe are rather simple items which do not require special skills from the bone worker and could have been made by the users of these artefacts. The uses of bone artefacts are well suited with the location of the site at the seashore.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of pathogenic African trypanosomes in biting flies and camels in surra-endemic areas outside the tsetse fly belt in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merid N. Getahun ◽  
Jandouwe Villinger ◽  
Joel L. Bargul ◽  
Abel Orone ◽  
John Ngiela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
African Trypanosomes ◽  
Northern Kenya

AbstractBackgroundAfrican animal trypanosomosis is becoming prevalent beyond its traditionally defined geographical boundaries and is a threat to animals beyond the tsetse belts in and outside Africa. However, knowledge of infections with clinically important trypanosome species and their diversity among field-collected hematophagous biting flies and domestic animals is limited mainly to tsetse and their mammalian hosts in tsetse-infested areas. This study aimed to examine the presence of trypanosomes in both biting flies and domestic animals outside the tsetse belt in northern Kenya, potential mechanical vector species, and their host-feeding profiles.MethodsWe screened for pathogenic African trypanosomes in blood samples from domestic animals and field-trapped flies by microscopy and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) gene PCR products. We sequenced kinetoplast maxicircle genes to confirm Trypanosoma brucei detection and the RoTat 1.2 and kinetoplast minicircle genes to differentiate type-A and type-B Trypanosoma evansi, respectively. Further, we identified the hosts that field-trapped flies fed on by PCR-HRM and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes.ResultsHippobosca camelina, Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanus spp., and Pangonia rueppellii are potential vectors of trypanosomes outside the tsetse belt in Marsabit County, northern Kenya. We identified Trypanosoma spp., including Trypanosoma vivax, T. evansi, T. brucei, and T. congolense in these biting flies as well as in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Trypanosomes detected varied from single up to three trypanosome species in H. camelina and camels in areas where no tsetse flies were trapped. Similar trypanosomes were detected in Glossina pallidipes collected from a tsetse-infested area in Shimba Hills, coastal Kenya, showing the wide geographic distribution of trypanosomes. Furthermore, we show that these biting flies acquired blood meals from camels, cattle, goats, and sheep. Phylogenetic analysis revealed diverse Trypanosoma spp. associated with variations in virulence and epidemiology in camels, which suggests that camel trypanosomosis may be due to mixed trypanosome infections rather than only surra (T. evansi), as previously thought.

scholarly journals Evidence of the absence of Human African Trypanosomiasis in northern Uganda: analyses of cattle, pigs and tsetse flies for the presence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas J. Cunningham ◽  
Jessica K. Lingley ◽  
Iñaki Tirados ◽  
Johan Esterhuizen ◽  
Mercy A. Opiyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

AbstractBackgroundLarge-scale control of sleeping sickness has led to a decline in the number of cases of Gambian human African trypanosomiasis (g-HAT) to <2000/year. However, achieving complete and lasting interruption of transmission may be difficult because animals may act as reservoir hosts for T. b. gambiense. Our study aims to update our understanding of T. b. gambiense in local vectors and domestic animals of N.W. Uganda.MethodsWe collected blood from 2896 cattle and 400 pigs and In addition, 6664 tsetse underwent microscopical examination for the presence of trypanosomes. Trypanosoma species were identified in tsetse from a subsample of 2184 using PCR. Primers specific for T. brucei s.l. and for T. brucei sub-species were used to screen cattle, pig and tsetse samples.ResultsIn total, 39/2,088 (1.9%; 95% CI=1.9-2.5) cattle, 25/400 (6.3%; 95% CI=4.1-9.1) pigs and 40/2,184 (1.8%; 95% CI=1.3-2.5) tsetse, were positive for T. brucei s.l.. Of these samples 24 cattle (61.5%), 15 pig (60%) and 25 tsetse (62.5%) samples had sufficient DNA to be screened using the T. brucei sub-species PCR. Further analysis found no cattle or pigs positive for T. b. gambiense, however, 17/40 of the tsetse samples produced a band suggestive of T. b. gambiense. When three of these 17 PCR products were sequenced the sequences were markedly different to T. b. gambiense, indicating that these flies were not infected with T. b. gambiense.ConclusionThe absence of T. b. gambiense in cattle, pigs and tsetse accords with the low prevalence of g-HAT in the human population. We found no evidence that livestock are acting as reservoir hosts. However, this study highlights the limitations of current methods of detecting and identifying T. b. gambiense which relies on a single copy-gene to discriminate between the different sub-species of T. brucei s.l.Author SummaryThe decline of annual cases of West-African sleeping sickness in Uganda raises the prospect that elimination of the disease is achievable for the country. However, with the decrease in incidence and the likely subsequent change in priorities there is a need to confirm that the disease is truly eliminated. One unanswered question is the role that domestic animals play in maintaining transmission of the disease. The potential of cryptic-animal reservoirs is a serious threat to successful and sustained elimination of the disease. It is with the intent of resolving this question that we have carried out this study whereby we examined 2088 cattle, 400 pigs and 2184 tsetse for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the parasite responsible for the disease. Our study found T. brucei s.l. in local cattle, pigs and tsetse flies, with their respective prevalences as follows, 1.9%, 6.3% and 1.8%. Further analysis to establish identity of these positives to the sub-species level found that no cattle, pigs or tsetse were carrying the pathogen responsible for Gambian sleeping sickness. Our work highlights the difficulty of establishing the absence of a disease, especially in an extremely low endemic setting, and the limitations of some of the most commonly used methods.

scholarly journals Cutaneous fibroma in the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 243-249
Author(s):  
Branislav Kureljusic ◽  
Bozidar Savic ◽  
Radisa Prodanovic ◽  
Dusko Cirovic
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Skin Neoplasms ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Game Meat ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
The Family ◽  
Histological Characteristics

Fibromas present very frequent skin neoplasms in different species of wild game of the family Cervidae. Viral etiology of skin neoplasms was proven in certain species of wild game from this family, with the most frequent diagnoses being: fibromas, ossifying fibromas, fibrosarcomas, multiple neurofibromatosis, fibropapillomas, and papillomas. The diagnozed tumor in the roe deer had the histological characteristics of a polimorphous fibroblast, which is not the case with domestic animals. This finding can be considered as a characteristic of fibromas in animals of the family Cervidae. Solitary fibroma or multiple fibroma (fibromatosis) does not present a significant cause of deer deaths, but they cause concern among hunters who are in direct contact with them. Although fibromas do not lead to spoilage of game meat, they are esthetically repellent and people are reluctant to consume meat of such game.

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