scholarly journals Morphology of various strains of the trypanosome causing disease in man in Nyasaland. I.–The human strain

1913 ◽  
Vol 86 (587) ◽  
pp. 285-302 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
African Species ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Wild Game

In order to gain a general idea of this important species of trypanosome, it will be necessary to study as many individual strains as possible. It may be thought unnecessary to describe each strain so much in detail, but without this it will be impossible to get any order out of the chaos which rules at present in the classification of the African species of trypanosomes pathogenic to man and the domestic animals. Up to the present the Commission have only had an opportunity of working with five human strains. Four of these are from natives infected in the Sleeping-Sickness Area, Nyasaland, the fifth from an European who contracted the disease in Portuguese East Africa. It is intended, in later papers, to describe five strains from wild game and the same number from the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans .

scholarly journals History of Sleeping Sickness in East Africa

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Hide
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right

SUMMARY The history of human sleeping sickness in East Africa is characterized by the appearance of disease epidemics interspersed by long periods of endemicity. Despite the presence of the tsetse fly in large areas of East Africa, these epidemics tend to occur multiply in specific regions or foci rather than spreading over vast areas. Many theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, but recent molecular approaches and detailed analyses of epidemics have highlighted the stability of human-infective trypanosome strains within these foci. The new molecular data, taken alongside the history and biology of human sleeping sickness, are beginning to highlight the important factors involved in the generation of epidemics. Specific, human-infective trypanosome strains may be associated with each focus, which, in the presence of the right conditions, can be responsible for the generation of an epidemic. Changes in agricultural practice, favoring the presence of tsetse flies, and the important contribution of domestic animals as a reservoir for the parasite are key factors in the maintenance of such epidemics. This review examines the contribution of molecular and genetic data to our understanding of the epidemiology and history of human sleeping sickness in East Africa.

scholarly journals Investigations into the Bionomics of Glossina palpalis

1920 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
W F. Fiske
Keyword(s):  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Palpalis ◽  
Made In

These studies were made in Uganda on the islands and shores of Victoria Nyanza, in territory which had been depopulated some years before on account of tsetse-fly and sleeping sickness. They were begun in October 1913, and extended over two full years, of which eighteen months were spent in the fly belt on Victoria Nyanza, and three months on a tour into Bunyoro, where for the time being (the spring of 1914) Glossina morsitans was the centre of greater attraction as a possible vector of human trypanosomiasis. Seven tours were made from headquarters at Entebbe—the shortest, of three days only, being interrupted by the War, and the longest, of eight full months, being much prolonged by the War.

scholarly journals The trypanosome causing disease in man in Nyasaland.—The naturally infected dog strain. Part IV.—Experiments on immunity

1914 ◽  
Vol 88 (602) ◽  
pp. 219-226
Keyword(s):  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Different Strains

The following experiments were undertaken to find out whether the Naturally Infected Dog strain of the trypanosome causing disease in man in Nyasaland would protect against the other strains. These different strains have been described in previous papers as the “ Human,” the “ Wild Game,” the “Wild Glossina morsitans ,” “Zululand, 1913,” etc., and here they will be known by the same names. “ Human ” will therefore mean a strain of this species of trypanosome coming from man, “ Wild G. morsitans ” from a tsetse fly, and so on. These immunity experiments were necessarily one-sided, as it was, with three exceptions, only animals which had recovered from the weaker Naturally Infected Dog strain which were available.

scholarly journals Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in Uganda II.—Trypanosoma brucei ( Plimmer and Bradford )

1910 ◽  
Vol 83 (561) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
The North ◽  
North Latitude ◽  
Coloured Plate

This species was only met with on one occasion during the work of the Commission in 1909. This was in the blood of an ox from the Mabira Rubber Estate (latitude 0° 30′ N., longitude 32° 55′ E.). The manager wrote that the animal came from the Bukedi District, about 100 miles to the north (latitude 1° 50′ N., longitude 32° 40′ E.). Not much is known of this district, as it has only recently come under administration, and therefore it is impossible to say whether the ox was infected in Bukedi or on the journey south. This is the species of trypanosome which was first discovered by Bruce, in 1894, in Zululand, to be the cause of Nagana, or tsetse-fly disease. During the work of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society in 1903, it was also met with in a herd of cattle from the same district of Bukedi, and then described as the “Jinja trypanosome.” It is impossible to name with any certainty the trypanosome seen in 1903, which affected the horses, camels, and dogs of the Abyssinian Boundary Commission. This was described as the “Abyssinian trypanosome.” Its morphology, as given in the coloured plate, shows it to be similar to Trypanosoma brucei , so that in all likelihood it was either this species or the closely related Trypanosoma evansi . As camels were infected, it was more probably the latter.

scholarly journals A New East African Tsetse-fly (Genus Glossina, Wied.), which apparently disseminates sleeping sickness

1922 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Austen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Position ◽  
Technical Skill ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
East African ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Diagnostic Ability

Although within the last few years—chiefly owing to the diagnostic ability and brilliant technical skill of Professor Robert Newstead, F.R.S.—several additions have been made to the list of recognised species of Glossina, the numerical total of which now stands at nineteen, the Glossina morsitans Group has not received a single accession. Peculiar interest therefore attaches to the discovery of the species described below, not only by reason of its apparent pathogenic importance,* but also on account of its systematic position within the genus.

Aircraft applications of insecticides in East Africa. Xvii. Airspray experiment with fenthion against Glossina morsitans Westw., G. swynnertoni Aust. And G. pallidipes Aust

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Irving ◽  
J. S. S. Beesley
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
Glossina Swynnertoni ◽  
Made In

In an attempt made in 1966 to reduce the tsetse fly population in an experiment area of eight square miles in northern Tanganyika to a density low enough to permit safe settlement, undiluted technical fenthion (95% active ingredient) was applied three times at three-week intervals at 0.0041 gal. per acre from a Cassna 185 aircraft fitted with rotary atomisers. The total cost was £95 per sq. mile. Catches in the four weeks immediately following treatment on a flyround of 23,500 yd. sampling the area showed a reduction of over 90 per cent. when compared with those in the four weeks preceding treatment in the case of Glossina swynnertoni Aust. and G. pallidipes Aust. Five months after spraying, the reduction of the former species still exceeded 80 per cent, and that of the latter, 90 per cent. The reduction was smaller in G. morsitans Westw., the most numerous species; a fourth application would probably have improved the kill. The results are compared with those of an earlier experiment in the same area using endosulfan. Some settlement took place in the part of the area where G. swynnertoni predominated.

scholarly journals Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in Nyasaland. III.—Trypanosoma pecorum

1913 ◽  
Vol 87 (592) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Wild Game

This trypanosome has been found in the neighbourhood of the camp at Kasu, in cattle, wild game and wild tsetse flies. In a herd of cattle belonging to the Mvera Mission, which lies about two miles to the east, 32 per cent. were found to be infected by this disease. The mission station is built near the edge of the “fly-country,” and there is little doubt that the cattle were at times exposed to the bite of the “fly.” After the disease had been discovered to be present in the herd the animals were prevented from grazing in the direction of the danger, and since then no new cases have occurred. It is also the species of trypanosome most commonly found in the blood of the wild game in this district, and consequently the tsetse fly is found infected with it more frequently than with any other. It is one of the most important trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in Central Africa, as it affects them all—horses, cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, and dogs. Morphology of Trypanosoma pecorum. The description already given of this species of trypanosome as regards its movements and appearance when alive, its shape, contents of cell, etc., when stained, are applicable to the species as it occurs in Nyasaland and need not be repeated.

Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. VII.—An Experiment against the Tsetse Flies, Glossina morsitans, Westw. and G. swynnertoni Aust., in the Rainy Season

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Hocking ◽  
G. F. Burnett ◽  
R. C. Sell
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
The North ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Coarse Aerosol

The “ North Block ” at Kikore, Central Province, Tanganyika, was treated with insecticide dispersed from an Anson 1 aircraft during the period 23rd January to 4th May 1951. The area consisted of some 4,000 acres of mixed bush, including about 230 acres of miombo, infested by two species of tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans Westw. and swynnertoni Aust.The insecticide used was equivalent to a 19·4 per cent. solution of technical BHC (equal to 2·45 per cent. γ isomer) in 50 per cent. diesel oil, 50 per cent. power kerosene. The solution was dispensed through a boom and nozzles under pressure as a coarse aerosol (mass median diam. 70 microns), at a nominal mean dose of 0·25 lb. technical BHC per acre per application. Eight applications were planned and seven completed.The first application was relatively ineffective, and for the second and subsequent cycles the emission rate was increased and over part of the block the swathe width was reduced. The result was a much improved kill but neither species of tsetse was exterminated.Owing to the number of factors involved, it is not possible to give any principal reason why this experiment was less successful than previous ones, but many of the difficulties encountered are inherent in rainy-season operations in East Africa.

Molecular and comparative morphological analysis of central European parasitic flatworms of the superfamily Brachylaimoidea Allison, 1943 (Trematoda: Plagiorchiida)

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETR HENEBERG ◽  
JILJÍ SITKO ◽  
JIŘÍ BIZOS
Keyword(s):  
18S Rdna ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Central European ◽  
European Species ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Rdna Its2 ◽  
Comparative Morphological Analysis

SUMMARYThe Brachylaimoidea are digenean parasites of vertebrates, including humans, domestic animals, poultry and wild game. Numerous Brachylaimoidea, particularly adults ofBrachylaimaandLeucochloridium, are difficult to identify to species. We provide and analyse sequences of two nuclear (18S rDNA, ITS2) and two mitochondrial (CO1, ND1) DNA loci of central European species of the Brachylaimoidea, namelyLeucochloridium holostomum, Leucochloridium paradoxum, Leucochloridium perturbatum, Leucochloridium subtilis, Leucochloridium vogtianum, Urotocus rossitensis, Urogonimus macrostomus, Michajlovia migrata, Leucochloridiomorpha lutea, Brachylaima arcuatus, Brachylaima fuscataandBrachylaima mesostoma. We identified three clades in the genusLeucochloridium, which do not correspond to the previously suggested subgeneraNeoleucochloridium, PapilloleucochloridiumandLeucochloridium. We reject classification ofUrotocusandUrogonimusin Leucochloridiinae, and, instead, re-establish the subfamilies Urotocinae and Urogoniminae. We synonymize the genusRenylaimawith the genusBrachylaima. We rejectM. migrataas a member of Leucochloridiinae sensu stricto or Brachylaimidae suggested by some previous authors. We found that the previously sequencedGlaphyrostomumsp. does not cluster with any hitherto sequenced Brachylaimidae. We also provide comparative measurements of the examined central European Brachylaimoidea, address the the specificity of their localization in the host and discuss their host-specific prevalence and intensity of infections based on the extensive dataset of birds examined in 1962–2015.

scholarly journals Infectivity of glossina morsitans in Nyasaland during 1912 and 1913

1914 ◽  
Vol 88 (600) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Low Country ◽  
The Future ◽  
Set Up

The object of this paper is to attempt to set up a rough standard of the proportion of infected to non-infected tsetse flies in an ordinary “fly-area” where wild game abounds. It is thought that a standard of this kind may prove useful in the future. The flies were collected in the low country lying near the Commission’s camp at Kasu, in what is known as the “Proclaimed” or Sleeping-Sickness Area of Nyasaland. This bit of country swarms with Glossina morsitans and wild game, the latter highly infected and well protected.

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