Physiological variation of mouse haemoglobins

1983 ◽  
Vol 218 (1213) ◽  
pp. 443-453 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Oxygen Binding ◽  
Differential Survival ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
Β Chain

Polymorphism at Hbb (haemoglobin β-chain) is widespread in natural populations of the house mouse, Mus musculus , and appears to be maintained by natural selection. This report is an attempt to correlate genotypic fluctuations at Hbb with a most important physiological attribute of haemoglobin, its oxygen carrying capacity. Oxygen affinity has been studied and P 50 values have been measured in 12 inbred strains as well as wild-caught mice from Skokholm island. The mean P 50 of each inbred strain is a constant characteristic, although there is high within-strain variation and the oxygen affinity of the blood of an individual can fluctuate considerably from week to week. The causes of this variation remain obscure but neither within-strain nor between-strain differences are correlated with known modulators of oxygen binding. In general, the blood of mice of inbred strains as well as wild-caught mice that are homozygous for Hbb d tends to have a higher oxygen affinity than that from comparable animals homozygous for Hbb 8 , but it seems likely that the oxygen dissociation properties of haemoglobin are not the only ones important in determining differential survival of a particular Hbb type under varying environmental stress.

Influence of carbon monoxide on hemoglobin-oxygen binding

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 893-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Hlastala ◽  
H. P. McKenna ◽  
R. L. Franada ◽  
J. C. Detter
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Bohr Effect ◽  
Oxygen Binding ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation ◽  
Initial Binding ◽  
Fixed Acid

The oxygen dissociation curve and Bohr effect were measured in normal whole blood as a function of carboxyhemoglobin concentration [HbCO]. pH was changed by varying CO2 concentration (CO2 Bohr effect) or by addition of isotonic NaOH or HCl at constant PCO2 (fixed acid Bohr effect). As [HbCO] varied through the range of 2, 25, 50, and 75%, P50 was 26.3, 18.0, 11.6, and 6.5 mmHg, respectively. CO2 Bohr effect was highest at low oxygen saturations. This effect did not change as [HbCO] was increased. However, as [HbCO] was increased from 2 to 75%, the fixed acid Bohr factor increased in magnitude from -0.20 to -0.80 at very low oxygen saturations. The effect of molecular CO2 binding (carbamino) on oxygen affinity was eliminated at high [HbCO]. These results are consistent with the initial binding of O2 or CO to thealpha-chain of hemoglobin. The results also suggest that heme-heme interaction is different for oxygen than for carbon monoxide.

GENETIC VARIATION IN ADRENAL STRUCTURE: QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS ON THE CORTEX AND MEDULLA IN HYBRID MICE

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. M. SHIRE
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Strain Difference ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Testis Weight ◽  
Cortical Volume ◽  
Cba Mice

SUMMARY The volumes of the adrenal cortex and medulla were measured for young adult male mice from the A/Cam and CBA/FaCam strains and from five hybrid generations produced by crossing these inbred strains. The hybrid stocks were the reciprocal F1's, the F2 and the backcrosses to both parental strains. Two independent sets of measurements were made. The second set confirmed and extended the results of the first. Both the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla were significantly larger in the CBA mice than they were in the A mice. It seems likely that the observed difference between the strains in cortical volume was determined by genetic variation either at a single locus or, at most, at two loci. The difference in medullary volume was determined by variation at at least two gene loci. In all cases the alleles found in the CBA mice showed dominance. The problems of deciding whether four separate loci were involved or whether all the differences were due to pleiotropic effects of fewer genes is discussed. In the first experiment measurements of the volume and number of cells in the zona fasciculata were made in addition to those of medullary and cortical volume. These measurements confirmed the existence of genetic variation in these characters which had been suggested by earlier findings of significant strain differences in them. The results of the second experiment also showed that the significant strain difference between A and CBA mice in testis weight was brought about by genes other than those causing the adrenal differences. The relation between the differences in adrenal structure described in this paper and those known to exist between these two strains in other aspects of the adrenal glands and in their target organs are discussed, as is the relation between findings on inbred strains and those to be expected in natural populations.

scholarly journals OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN MARINE GREEN TURTLE (CHELONIA MYDAS) HATCHLINGS: BLOOD VISCOSITY AND CONTROL OF HEMOGLOBIN OXYGEN-AFFINITY

1994 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Wells ◽  
J Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Green Turtle ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
Oxygen Binding ◽  
Mean Cell Volume ◽  
Hemoglobin Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
And Control

Erythrocytes from green turtle hatchlings contain a single embryonic component, unlike those from other cleidoic eggs, in which adult hemoglobin (Hb) constitutes a significant fraction of total Hb at hatching. The functional properties of the isolated and purified green turtle hatchling Hb that distinguish it from adult Hb are a high affinity for oxygen and marked sensitivity to organic phosphate modulators. Hatchling erythrocytes also contain higher concentrations of ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, but their oxygen affinity is indistinguishable from that of adult erythrocytes. Hatchling erythrocyte mean cell volume is approximately half of the adult value, but hematocrit, blood hemoglobin concentration and blood viscosity of hatchlings and adults are similar. Oxygen-carrying capacity in green turtles, unlike that of other diving vertebrates, corresponds with a theoretically derived optimum. The possibility of allosteric control of Hb oxygen-binding in hatchlings may relate not to the challenge of exercise during the dispersal phase but to conditions in the late embryo in the nest.

Thyroid function in various strains of mice: T/S ratio, PBI and thyroid weight

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Silverstein ◽  
Leon Sokoloff ◽  
Olaf Mickelsen ◽  
George E. Jay
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Animal Diet

Strain differences were observed in the T/S ratios and thyroid weights of 505 mice comprising six inbred strains and three pairs of F1 hybrids. These differences were not accounted for by variations in body weight or degree of blocking of iodine incorporation into organic compounds by Tapazole. There was an apparently inverse relationship between the mean T/S ratios of the various strains and the relative weights of the thyroid glands. The weights of the thyroid glands increased progressively from 7 to 16 months of age in each strain even though there were only small changes in body weight. The T/S ratios were relatively unchanged between these ages. The weight of the thyroid gland appeared to be influenced by the interaction between the strain of animal, diet fed and possibly by obesity. The mean plasma PBI values ranged from 0.9 to 3.5 µg/ml and showed no relationship to the T/S ratios.

Respiratory properties of the blood of Amazon fishes

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 898-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Johansen ◽  
C. P. Mangum ◽  
G. Lykkeboe
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Oxygen Binding ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Blood Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
Exchange Medium

Among 17 species of Amazon fishes, the respiratory properties of the blood are clearly correlated with the gas exchange medium. A comparison between species shows that bimodal and obligatory air breathers have, in general, a higher blood oxygen carrying capacity, higher levels of intracellular modulators of oxygen binding, lower blood oxygen affinity, and a larger Bohr shift than water breathers. Within a facultative air-breathing species (Synbranchus marmoratus) removal from water and acute exposure to air (13–44 h) resulted in similar changes in blood respiratory properties. The significance of the respiratory adaptations of the blood, however, is clear only when physiological variables such as blood pH and [Formula: see text] are considered.

Strain differences in inbred rats: influence of strain and diet on haematological traits

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hackbarth ◽  
K. Burow ◽  
G. Schimansky
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
High Position ◽  
Inbred Rats ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ranking Order ◽  
Haemoglobin Content

5 inbred strains of rats maintained on 3 commercial pelleted diets were investigated for differences in haematological traits on the 154th day of age. Number, size and haemoglobin content of the erythrocytes were shown to be strongly influenced by strain and diet. While the strain AS/Ztm was always found in a high position within the ranking order of strains, the strain DA/Ztm was always found in a low position. For nearly all haematological traits, diet II (Altromin C1000) resulted in the highest values. This was not due to a difference in the content of iron (Fe), because even though diet III (Altromin 1534) contained only 50% of the Fe in diet I (Altromin 1324), differences between these two diets were small. Significant interactions between strain and diet were shown to exist for the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH). Strong genetic correlations were found between haematocrit (HCT) and haemoglobin (Hb) and between MCV and MCH, while the number of red blood cells (RBC), Hb, HCT, MCV and MCH correlated significantly within each strain. However, these environmental correlations have to be interpreted with caution, because these variables are not determined independently.

scholarly journals Hemoglobin Duarte: (α2β262(E6)Ala→Pro): A New Unstable Hemoglobin With Increased Oxygen Affinity

Blood ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Beutler ◽  
A. Lang ◽  
H. Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Hemoglobin Level ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation Curve ◽  
Thromboembolic Complications ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unstable Hemoglobin ◽  
Β Chain

Abstract A patient with a normal blood hemoglobin level, but with evidence of brisk hemolysis, was found to have an unstable hemoglobin with a left-shifted oxygen dissociation curve. Two sisters of the patient had a history of hemolytic anemia. Both died of thromboembolic complications following splenectomy. Our patient was found to be heterozygous for a new β-chain mutation and β-thalassemia. All of the hemoglobin in his red cells was of the abnormal type, designated hemoglobin Duarte, and was shown to contain proline at the β62 (E6) position instead of alanine.

Chloride and inorganic phosphate modulate binding of oxygen to bovine red blood cells

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gustin ◽  
B. Detry ◽  
M. L. Cao ◽  
F. Chenut ◽  
A. Robert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Oxygen Binding ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation Curve ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation ◽  
Hemoglobin Saturation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The influence of Pi and Cl on the equilibrium of oxygen binding to bovine red blood cells was assessed by plotting the whole blood oxygen dissociation curve measured under standard conditions with and without added KCl and K2HPO4. Both salts shifted the oxygen dissociation curve to the right. This effect was more marked at the highest saturation levels. At a given saturation level, the anion-induced shift was linearly related to the concentration of salt added to the blood. Cl had a greater effect than Pi. The relationship between changes in Po2 at 50% hemoglobin saturation (in Torr) and concentrations of ions added (in mmol/l) was equal to 0.0515[Cl] + 0.0302[Pi] (r2 = 0.94; P < 0.001). These changes were not due to the hyperosmolality induced by salt addition, since sucrose added in place of salts was without effect on the measured parameters. The oxygen exchange fraction expressed as percentage of saturation, i.e., the difference in hemoglobin saturation when Po2 decreases from 130 to 40 Torr, was linearly correlated to added anion concentration (in mmol/l) (= 0.102[Cl] + 0.059[Pi] (r2 = 0.95; P < 0.001)). No significant interaction between the anions was observed; their effects were purely additive. This original mechanism of controlling the oxygen affinity of bovine blood may have clinical relevance: Cl and Pi could be used to increase oxygen transport efficiency in hypoxic animals.

scholarly journals Circe's haemoglobins, pig–human hybrids: functional characterization and structural considerations

1998 ◽  
Vol 335 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria T. SANNA ◽  
Bruno GIARDINA ◽  
Mariagiuseppina PELLEGRINI ◽  
Alessandra OLIANAS ◽  
Irene MESSANA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Oxygen Binding ◽  
Β Chain

We report the isolation and the functional characterization of α and β chains from pig (Sus scropha domesticus) haemoglobin, as well as of the pig–human hybrid haemoglobins, α2hβ2p and α2pβ2h (i.e. Circe's haemoglobins), obtained by mixing the purified α and β pig chains respectively with the corresponding partner human chains. Their functional properties have been compared with those of both parental haemoglobins in order to obtain information on the role of the different subunits and of their inter-relationships, both at the structural and functional levels. The results indicate that the functional properties of both hybrids are closer to those of the parental haemoglobin that provides the β chains, confirming the major role of the β chains in determining the oxygen affinity and the modulation mechanisms of the tetrameric molecule. This is supported by the thermodynamic properties, since the very low ΔH of oxygen binding that characterizes pig haemoglobin and the α2hβ2p hybrid haemoglobin may be taken as the reflection of specific structural properties of pig β chain.

scholarly journals Genetic Control of Mammalian Meiotic Recombination. I. Variation in Exchange Frequencies Among Males From Inbred Mouse Strains

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara E Koehler ◽  
Jonathan P Cherry ◽  
Audrey Lynn ◽  
Patricia A Hunt ◽  
Terry J Hassold
Keyword(s):  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Male Meiosis ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Genetic Background Effects ◽  
Exchange Patterns ◽  
Positive Interference

AbstractGenetic background effects on the frequency of meiotic recombination have long been suspected in mice but never demonstrated in a systematic manner, especially in inbred strains. We used a recently described immunostaining technique to assess meiotic exchange patterns in male mice. We found that among four different inbred strains—CAST/Ei, A/J, C57BL/6, and SPRET/Ei—the mean number of meiotic exchanges per cell and, thus, the recombination rates in these genetic backgrounds were significantly different. These frequencies ranged from a low of 21.5 exchanges in CAST/Ei to a high of 24.9 in SPRET/Ei. We also found that, as expected, these crossover events were nonrandomly distributed and displayed positive interference. However, we found no evidence for significant differences in the patterns of crossover positioning between strains with different exchange frequencies. From our observations of &gt;10,000 autosomal synaptonemal complexes, we conclude that achiasmate bivalents arise in the male mouse at a frequency of 0.1%. Thus, special mechanisms that segregate achiasmate chromosomes are unlikely to be an important component of mammalian male meiosis.

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