scholarly journals Darwin review: angiosperm phylogeny and evolutionary radiations

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1899) ◽  
pp. 20190099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela S. Soltis ◽  
Ryan A. Folk ◽  
Douglas E. Soltis
Keyword(s):  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Genealogical Tree ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Evolutionary Radiations ◽  
Plant Phylogenetics ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Rapid Radiations

Darwin's dual interests in evolution and plants formed the basis of evolutionary botany, a field that developed following his publications on both topics. Here, we review his many contributions to plant biology—from the evolutionary origins of angiosperms to plant reproduction, carnivory, and movement—and note that he expected one day there would be a ‘true’ genealogical tree for plants. This view fuelled the field of plant phylogenetics. With perhaps nearly 400 000 species, the angiosperms have diversified rapidly since their origin in the Early Cretaceous, often through what appear to be rapid radiations. We describe these evolutionary patterns, evaluate possible drivers of radiations, consider how new approaches to studies of diversification can contribute to our understanding of angiosperm diversity, and suggest new directions for further insight into plant evolution.

scholarly journals Correction: MamA as a Model Protein for Structure-Based Insight into the Evolutionary Origins of Magnetotactic Bacteria

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e0133556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Zeytuni ◽  
Samuel Cronin ◽  
Christopher T. Lefèvre ◽  
Pascal Arnoux ◽  
Dror Baran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetotactic Bacteria ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Model Protein ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals From little things big things grow: karrikins and new directions in plant development

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Shoot Branching ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
New Directions

Karrikins are a family of compounds generated via the incomplete combustion of plant matter. Since their discovery as seed germination stimulants in 2004, a great deal has been learned about the chemistry and the biological mode of action of karrikins. Much interest and progress have stemmed from the structural similarity of karrikins to that of strigolactones – the shoot branching hormone. This review will provide a historical account of some of the more significant discoveries in this area of plant biology. It will discuss how the study of these abiotic signalling molecules, combined with advances in our understanding of strigolactones, has led us towards the discovery of new mechanisms that regulate plant growth and development.

Supraspecific classification.

2022 ◽  
pp. 11-12
Author(s):  
Richard A. I. Drew ◽  
Meredith C. Romig
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Species Groups

Abstract The definitions of genera and subgenera used in the classification of the Dacini have been in a continual state of change for over a century. The early definitions were based on often homoplasious morphological characters, some examples for the Oriental and Australian regions being Tryon (1927), Perkins (1937), Hardy (1951), May (1951) and Drew (1972). More recently revised subgeneric definitions for most species groups were published by Drew and Hancock (2016) and Hancock and Drew (2006, 2015, 2016, 2017a,b,c,d,e, 2018a,b,c, 2019), based on detailed analyses of dacine biogeography, host plant biology and morphology. This chapter discusses the evolutionary origins of the Dacini, the host plant and its influence on speciation in the Dacini.

scholarly journals A Novel Marsupial Hepatitis A Virus Corroborates Complex Evolutionary Patterns Shaping the Genus Hepatovirus

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ianei de Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
Anna-Lena Sander ◽  
Namá Silva ◽  
Andres Moreira-Soto ◽  
Andrea Normann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Host Switch ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstructions

ABSTRACT The discovery of highly diverse nonprimate hepatoviruses illuminated the evolutionary origins of hepatitis A virus (HAV) ancestors in mammals other than primates. Marsupials are ancient mammals that diverged from other Eutheria during the Jurassic. Viruses from marsupials may thus provide important insight into virus evolution. To investigate Hepatovirus macroevolutionary patterns, we sampled 112 opossums in northeastern Brazil. A novel marsupial HAV (MHAV) in the Brazilian common opossum ( Didelphis aurita ) was detected by nested reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). MHAV concentration in the liver was high, at 2.5 × 10 9 RNA copies/g, and at least 300-fold higher than those in other solid organs, suggesting hepatotropism. Hepatovirus seroprevalence in D. aurita was 26.6% as determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Endpoint titers in confirmatory immunofluorescence assays were high, and marsupial antibodies colocalized with anti-HAV control sera, suggesting specificity of serological detection and considerable antigenic relatedness between HAV and MHAV. MHAV showed all genomic hallmarks defining hepatoviruses, including late-domain motifs likely involved in quasi-envelope acquisition, a predicted C-terminal pX extension of VP1, strong avoidance of CpG dinucleotides, and a type 3 internal ribosomal entry site. Translated polyprotein gene sequence distances of at least 23.7% from other hepatoviruses suggested that MHAV represents a novel Hepatovirus species. Conserved predicted cleavage sites suggested similarities in polyprotein processing between HAV and MHAV. MHAV was nested within rodent hepatoviruses in phylogenetic reconstructions, suggesting an ancestral hepatovirus host switch from rodents into marsupials. Cophylogenetic reconciliations of host and hepatovirus phylogenies confirmed that host-independent macroevolutionary patterns shaped the phylogenetic relationships of extant hepatoviruses. Although marsupials are synanthropic and consumed as wild game in Brazil, HAV community protective immunity may limit the zoonotic potential of MHAV. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a ubiquitous cause of acute hepatitis in humans. Recent findings revealed the evolutionary origins of HAV and the genus Hepatovirus defined by HAV in mammals other than primates in general and in small mammals in particular. The factors shaping the genealogy of extant hepatoviruses are unclear. We sampled marsupials, one of the most ancient mammalian lineages, and identified a novel marsupial HAV (MHAV). The novel MHAV shared specific features with HAV, including hepatotropism, antigenicity, genome structure, and a common ancestor in phylogenetic reconstructions. Coevolutionary analyses revealed that host-independent evolutionary patterns contributed most to the current phylogeny of hepatoviruses and that MHAV was the most drastic example of a cross-order host switch of any hepatovirus observed so far. The divergence of marsupials from other mammals offers unique opportunities to investigate HAV species barriers and whether mechanisms of HAV immune control are evolutionarily conserved.

Reinventing organizational control

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Brivot ◽  
Yves Gendron ◽  
Henri Guénin
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Organizational Control ◽  
Accounting Firms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reputational Risk ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Big Four ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into how a constellation of actors seek to define, shape, and reinvent the notion of organizational control at the confluence of social media (SM) and corporate reputational risk. Design/methodology/approach Following the approach suggested by Janesick (1998) and Denzin and Lincoln (1998), the authors undertook an in-depth qualitative analysis of a large number of data sources including interviews, best-selling books by renowned SM specialists, relevant press articles drawn from a Factiva search, and documents published by the Big Four firms and professional accounting institutes in Canada on how organizations should use SM to protect their reputational capital. Findings Four competing SM reputational risk control perspectives inductively emerged from the analysis: the Beyond Control frame, the Subveillance frame, the De-territorialization frame, and the Re-territorialization frame, with large accounting firms and professional accounting institutes especially promoting the latter. Originality/value The control literature has been criticized by many scholars as being in urgent need of updating. By inductively theorizing four original control frames in the SM arena, the research aims to move management control research in new directions.

scholarly journals The biostratigraphy of the Upper Pliensbachian-Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) sequence at Ilminster, Somerset

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Boomer ◽  
A. R. Lord ◽  
K. N. Page ◽  
P. R. Bown ◽  
F. M. D. Lowry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Jurassic ◽  
Calcareous Nannofossils ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Southern England ◽  
Carbonate Deposit ◽  
Temporary Road ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Jurassic Sequence

Abstract. Temporary road sections for the A303 bypass at Ilminster, Somerset, revealed Upper Pliensbachian and Toarcian sediments from an alternating limestone–marl facies, in marked contrast to the limestone-dominated Dorset coast succession. The lithostratigraphy is described, with the standard ammonite zonation providing chronostratigraphical correlation. The uppermost Pliensbachian (Spinatum Chronozone) and much of the Toarcian (Serpentinum, Bifrons, Variabilis, Thouarsense and Pseudoradiosa chronozones) of the classic Dorset coast Lower Jurassic sequence are represented by the Beacon Limestone Formation, formerly the ‘Junction Bed’ (a highly condensed carbonate deposit). The Tenuicostatum Chronozone is largely missing from the sequence. Elsewhere in southern and eastern England this interval is poorly or rarely exposed. The argillaceous units have yielded rich microfaunas and -floras (foraminifera, ostracods, calcareous nannofossils and palynomorphs), the biostratigraphical distributions of which are analysed and discussed in relation to contemporary evolutionary patterns and other UK records. This study provides an insight into the micro-biostratigraphy of the Late Pliensbachian to Toarcian interval for onshore southern England.

scholarly journals How the Visual Design of Video Game Antagonists Affects Perception of Morality

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reyhan Pradantyo ◽  
Max V. Birk ◽  
Scott Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Game Design ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Visual Design ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Character Design ◽  
Image Set ◽  
Insight Into

The visual design of antagonists—typically thought of as “bad guys”—is crucial for game design. Antagonists are key to providing the backdrop to a game's setting and motivating a player's actions. The visual representation of antagonists is important because it affects player expectations about the character's personality and potential actions. Particularly important is how players perceive an antagonist's morality. For example, an antagonist appearing disloyal might foreshadow betrayal; a character who looks cruel suggests that tough fights are ahead; or, a player might be surprised when a friendly looking character attacks them. Today, the art of designing character morality is informed by archetypal elements, existing characters, and the artist's own background. However, little work has provided insight into how an antagonist's appearance can lead players to make moral judgments. Using Mechanical Turk, we collected participant ratings on a stimulus image set of 105 antagonists from popular video games. The results of our work provide insights into how the visual attributes of antagonists can influence judgments of character morality. Our findings provide a valuable new lens for understanding and deepening an important aspect of game design. Our results can be used to help ensure that a particular character design has the best chance to be universally seen as “evil,” or to help create more complex and conflicted emotional experiences through carefully designed characters that do not appear to be bad. Our research extends current research practices that seek to build an understanding of game design and provides exciting new directions for exploring how design and aesthetic practices can be better studied and supported.

scholarly journals Maniraptoran pelvic musculature highlights evolutionary patterns in theropod locomotion on the line to birds

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10855
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Rhodes ◽  
Donald M. Henderson ◽  
Philip J. Currie
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Theropod Dinosaurs ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Insight Into

Locomotion is a fundamental aspect of palaeobiology and often investigated by comparing osteological structures and proportions. Previous studies document a stepwise accumulation of avian-like features in theropod dinosaurs that accelerates in the clade Maniraptora. However, the soft tissues that influenced the skeleton offer another perspective on locomotory adaptations. Examination of the pelvis for osteological correlates of hind limb and tail musculature allowed reconstruction of primary locomotory muscles across theropods and their closest extant relatives. Additionally, the areas of pelvic muscle origins were quantified to measure relative differences within and between taxa, to compare morphological features associated with cursoriality, and offer insight into the evolution of locomotor modules. Locomotory inferences based on myology often corroborate those based on osteology, although they occasionally conflict and indicate greater complexity than previously appreciated. Maniraptoran pelvic musculature underscores previous studies noting the multifaceted nature of cursoriality and suggests that a more punctuated step in caudal decoupling occurred at or near the base of Maniraptora.

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