Stability of women's facial shape throughout the menstrual cycle

Facial characteristics can serve as a cue for judgements of multiple human traits, from maternal tendencies, overall fertility to sexual openness. In this study, we tested previously found fluctuations in facial shape throughout the menstrual cycle. With methods more robust than those formerly used (larger sample size and detailed hormonal assessments determining the timing of the ovulation), we did not find significant changes in either of the three facial measurements conducted: symmetry, averageness and sexual dimorphism (all F ≤ 0.78, all partial η 2 ≤ 0.01, all p ≥ 0.542). After narrowing the sample to cycles that had a higher probability of being ovulatory (based on daily measurements of luteinizing hormone and oestradiol), the results remained non-significant (all F ≤ 1.20, all partial η 2 ≤ 0.03, all p ≥ 0.315). Our results (i) suggest that the previously found increased facial attractiveness of women in the most fertile phase of the menstrual cycle is not driven by changes in facial shape, but might instead stem from other changes in facial appearance, such as a more attractive skin tone; and (ii) underline the importance of replication of studies with new methods.

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Luteinizing hormone—releasing hormone and the human menstrual cycle

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1016/s0002-9378(79)80025-3 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 135 (1) ◽

pp. 96-101

Author(s):

Sezer Aksel

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Luteinizing Hormone ◽

Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽

Releasing Hormone ◽

Human Menstrual Cycle

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Planning the Size of Clinical Trials with Allowance for Patient Noncompliance

Methods of Information in Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1634787 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 29 (03) ◽

pp. 243-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. A. A. Moussa

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Sample Size ◽

Event Rate ◽

Survival Functions ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Patient Noncompliance ◽

Event Rates ◽

Larger Sample

AbstractVarious approaches are considered for adjustment of clinical trial size for patient noncompliance. Such approaches either model the effect of noncompliance through comparison of two survival distributions or two simple proportions. Models that allow for variation of noncompliance and event rates between time intervals are also considered. The approach that models the noncompliance adjustment on the basis of survival functions is conservative and hence requires larger sample size. The model to be selected for noncompliance adjustment depends upon available estimates of noncompliance and event rate patterns.

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EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN YOUNG WOMEN

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v4i2.1032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Shehnaz Shaikh

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Sample Size ◽

Young Women ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Uterine Wall ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Menstrual Phase ◽

Granulose Cells ◽

Efficiency Test

Introduction: Menstrual cycle or menstruation involved discharge of sanguinous fluid and a sloughing of uterine wall. In women menstruation occurs at regular intervals on an average of 28 days, although most women gave a history of regular intervals of 28 to 30 days. About 10% -15% of women showed cycle at the precise 28 ± 2 days intervals when menstrual calendar was utilized. Normally in young women in different phases of ovarian cycles the plasma levels of estrogen vary. Ovulation occurs in the first 12-13th day of menstrual cycle, which is termed estrogen surge and second occurs in mid-luteal phase. During mid cycle or follicular phase of menstrual cycle the plasma concentration of progesterone is very low about 0.9 ng/mL. its level starts rising owing to secretion from the granulose cells. During luteal phase progesterone level reaches its peak value of 18 ng/mL and its level fall to a minimum value toward the end of the cycle. Estrogen affects local and systemic vasodilation. The menstrual cycle envelops two fundamental stages, the follicular stage (FP) and the luteal stage (LP). The follicular stage can part advance into two substages; the early FP, which is characterised with moo concentrations of both the key hormones estrogen and progesterone; and the mid FP where estrogen is tall autonomously from progesterone. The LP is epitomized by tall concentration of both estrogen and progesterone. These two fundamental stages are isolated by a soak surge in luteinizing hormone activating ovulation. These recurrent changes are said to be frequency unsurprising while long time. Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the Cardiorespiratory functions changes during different Phases of Menstrual Cycle. Material and methods: In this study, 20 with normal weight, 20 with obese and 20 with overage were included and taken them as a sample size. In this study all the young women those were recruited as a sample size are unmarried, undergraduate female student with the between the age group of 18-22years, having regular 28+6 days menstrual cycle for at least last 6months prior to this study. For the collection of data all the participants were instructed to attend the physiology lab department during each of three different phases. Day-2 during menstrual phase, Day-7, during follicular phase and Day-22 during luteal phase and the following parameters were recorded as Anthropometric measurements, measuring of pulse rate and blood pressure and cardiac efficiency test. Result: In general, work out proficiency changed essentially amid the distinctive stages of the menstrual cycle with the most elevated amid luteal stage and least amid menstrualo stage. There was no critical contrast in impact test amid menstrual stage, follicular stage and luteal stage of menstrual cycle among three bunches of people. Conclusion: We have watched noteworthy increment in cardiac and respiratory proficiency within the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle in ordinary weight people. Lower wellness levels were watched in overweight and stout females. In this manner hone of customary work out and admissions of solid slim down which offer assistance in lessening the weight and in turn the BMI will offer assistance in improving the physical wellness of the people. Keywords: Cardiorespiratory, Menstrual cycle, expiratory blast test

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PLASMA OESTRADIOL AND HUMAN LUTEINIZING HORMONE DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.061s213 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 61 (1_Suppl) ◽

pp. S213 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. S. Corker ◽

F. Naftolin ◽

D. Exley

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Luteinizing Hormone ◽

Plasma Oestradiol

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Augmentation Strategies for Clozapine-Resistant Patients with Schizophrenia

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200110102254 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 218-227

Author(s):

Yi-Hang Chiu ◽

Chia-Yueh Hsu ◽

Mong-Liang Lu ◽

Chun-Hsin Chen

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Mood Stabilizers ◽

Treatment Resistant ◽

Double Blind ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Augmentation Strategies ◽

Pubmed Database ◽

Augmentation Strategy ◽

Larger Sample

Background: Clozapine has been used in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia. However, only 40% of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia have response to clozapine. Many augmentation strategies have been proposed to treat those clozapine-resistant patients, but the results are inconclusive. In this review, we intended to review papers dealing with the augmentation strategies in the treatment of clozapineresistant patients with schizophrenia. Method: We reviewed randomized, double-blind, placebo- or sham-controlled trials (RCT) for clozapine-resistant patients with schizophrenia in Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane, and PubMed database from January 1990 to June 2019. Results: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, brain stimulation, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and other strategies, were used as an augmentation in clozapine-resistant patients with schizophrenia. Except for better evidence in memantine with 2 RCTs and cognitive behavior therapy in 2 studies to support its effectiveness, we found that all the other effective augmentations, including sulpiride, ziprasidone, duloxetine, mirtazapine, ECT, sodium benzoate, ginkgo biloba, and minocycline, had only one RCT with limited sample size. Conclusion: In this review, no definite effective augmentation strategy was found for clozapine-resistant patients. Some potential strategies with beneficial effects on psychopathology need further studies with a larger sample size to support their efficacy.

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‘Statistical Irreproducibility’ Does Not Improve with Larger Sample Size: How to Quantify and Address Disease Data Multimodality in Human and Animal Research

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11030234 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 234

Author(s):

Abigail R. Basson ◽

Fabio Cominelli ◽

Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Data Visualization ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Random Number Generation ◽

Outcome Data ◽

Multimodal Distributions ◽

Disease Subtypes ◽

Study Designs ◽

Larger Sample

Poor study reproducibility is a concern in translational research. As a solution, it is recommended to increase sample size (N), i.e., add more subjects to experiments. The goal of this study was to examine/visualize data multimodality (data with >1 data peak/mode) as cause of study irreproducibility. To emulate the repetition of studies and random sampling of study subjects, we first used various simulation methods of random number generation based on preclinical published disease outcome data from human gut microbiota-transplantation rodent studies (e.g., intestinal inflammation and univariate/continuous). We first used unimodal distributions (one-mode, Gaussian, and binomial) to generate random numbers. We showed that increasing N does not reproducibly identify statistical differences when group comparisons are repeatedly simulated. We then used multimodal distributions (>1-modes and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods of random sampling) to simulate similar multimodal datasets A and B (t-test-p = 0.95; N = 100,000), and confirmed that increasing N does not improve the ‘reproducibility of statistical results or direction of the effects’. Data visualization with violin plots of categorical random data simulations with five-integer categories/five-groups illustrated how multimodality leads to irreproducibility. Re-analysis of data from a human clinical trial that used maltodextrin as dietary placebo illustrated multimodal responses between human groups, and after placebo consumption. In conclusion, increasing N does not necessarily ensure reproducible statistical findings across repeated simulations due to randomness and multimodality. Herein, we clarify how to quantify, visualize and address disease data multimodality in research. Data visualization could facilitate study designs focused on disease subtypes/modes to help understand person–person differences and personalized medicine.

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Extensive monitoring of the natural menstrual cycle using the serum biomarkers estradiol, luteinizing hormone and progesterone

Practical Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.plabm.2021.e00211 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. e00211

Author(s):

Ellen Anckaert ◽

Alexander Jank ◽

Julia Petzold ◽

Felix Rohsmann ◽

Rhonda Paris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Luteinizing Hormone ◽

Serum Biomarkers

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Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Haematozoan Parasites in Wetlands of Bangladesh

Journal of Parasitology Research ◽

10.1155/2014/493754 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Rubayet Elahi ◽

Ausraful Islam ◽

Mohammad Sharif Hossain ◽

Khaja Mohiuddin ◽

Andrea Mikolon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Disease Ecology ◽

Infection Intensity ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Wetland Birds ◽

Domestic Ducks ◽

Wide Range ◽

Unidentified Species ◽

Larger Sample ◽

Resident Bird

The parasites of generaHaemoproteus, Plasmodium,andLeucocytozoonare well-known avian haematozoa and can cause declined productivity and high mortality in wild birds. The objective of the study was to record the prevalence of haematozoan parasites in a wide range of wetland birds in Bangladesh. Six species ofHaemoproteus, seven species ofPlasmodium, one unidentified species ofLeucocytozoon, and one unidentified microfilaria of the genusParonchocercawere found. Data on the morphology, size, hosts, prevalence, and infection intensity of the parasites are provided. The overall prevalence among the birds was 29.5% (95 out of 322 birds). Of those, 13.2% (42 of 319) of birds were infected withHaemoproteusspp., 15.1% withPlasmodiumspp. (48 of 319) and 0.6% withLeucocytozoonspp. (2 of 319). Two birds were positive for bothHaemoproteussp. andPlasmodiumsp. A single resident bird,Ardeola grayii, was found positive for an unidentified microfilaria. Prevalence of infection varied significantly among different bird families. Wild birds of Bangladesh carry several types of haematozoan parasites. Further investigation with a larger sample size is necessary to estimate more accurately the prevalence of haematozoan parasites among wild birds as well as domestic ducks for better understanding of the disease ecology.

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