scholarly journals On the causes which influence the direction of the growth of roots. By Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F. R. S. In a letter to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K. B. P. R. S

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 398-400
Keyword(s):  
The Mean ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fibrous Roots ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Mean Time

In a former paper Mr. Knight showed the influence of gravitation on the plumule and radicle of germinating seeds; in the present he considers the fibrous roots, which, with little comparative regard to gravity, extend themselves in whatever direction the greatest nutriment or moisture is to be found, with an appearance of predilection, which some naturalists have been disposed to compare to animal instinct. Mr. Knight examines whether this comparison has any foundation. He remarks, that when trees which require moisture are near to water, by far the greatest part of their roots extend themselves in that direction; but when those to which a dry soil is more congenial are placed in the same situation, their roots take an opposite course. When a tree is placed upon a wall, at a distance from the ground, its powers appear directed exclusively to one object; its roots are extended with well-directed efforts to reach the soil beneath, while its branches are in the mean time stinted in their growth; but as soon as the roots have entered the soil, the branches then grow with vigour and rapidity.

scholarly journals XI. On the causes which influence the direction of the growth of roots. By T. A. Knight, Esq. F. R. S. In a letter to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K. B. P. R. S

1811 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 209-219 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Force ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Animal Life ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fibrous Roots ◽  
Germinating Seeds

I have shewn, in a former communication, the effects of centrifugal force upon germinating seeds; from which I have inferred that the radicles are made to descend towards the earth, and the germs, or elongated plumules, to take the opposite direction, by the influence of gravitation; and I believe the facts I have stated to be sufficient to support the inferences I have drawn. But the fibrous roots of plants, being much less succulent, though not uninfluenced in the directions they take by gravitation, are, to a great extent, obedient to other laws, and are generally found to extend themselves most rapidly, and to the greatest length, in whatever direction the soil is most favourable: whence many naturalists have been disposed to believe that these are guided by some degrees of feeling and perception, analogous to those of animal life. I shall proceed to state some of the facts upon which this hypothesis has been founded, and others which have occurred in the course of my own experience, and which are favourable to it; after which I shall endeavour to trace the effects observed to the operation of different causes.

scholarly journals Spinal myoclonus: report of four cases

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Pitágoras de Mattos ◽  
Ana Lúcia Z. Rosso ◽  
Antonio J. V. Carneiro ◽  
Sergio Novis
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spastic Paraplegia ◽  
Devic’S Disease ◽  
Involuntary Movements ◽  
Fourth Patient ◽  
Devic's Disease ◽  
Spinal Myoclonus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Time

Four cases of spinal myoclonus are described, three males and one female. The mean age was 51 years (28-75 years). The mean time between the onset of the myelopathy and the myoclonic jerks was 4.3 months (1-8 months). The involuntary movements were determined by trauma, Devic's disease, tuberculous myelopathy and tumor. Three patients had spastic paraplegia with bilateral myoclonus more evident on the right side. The fourth patient had a flaccid paraplegia with symmetrical jerks. The data suggest that different processes (trauma, demyelinating, infection and tumor) affecting the spinal cord may cause the same type of involuntary movements.

scholarly journals Carpal tunnel syndrome and manual milking: nerve conduction studies in 43 cases

2006 ◽  
Vol 64 (3b) ◽  
pp. 747-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Aris Kouyoumdjian ◽  
Rogério Gayer Machado de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Carpal Tunnel ◽  
Nerve Conduction ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Nerve Conduction Studies ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Time

From 1989 to 2004, 3125 consecutive patients had electrodiagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS); from these 43 cases (1.38%) were associated to manual milking; mean age was 44.9 years and 88.4% were male. The mean time in the milking profession was 247 months; the mean daily milking time was 146 minutes; symptoms referred at electrodiagnostic consultation had lasted on average 34 months, 83% were bilateral. The median sensory nerve conduction study was abnormal in 75.6% to the right and 66.7% to the left hand. The median nerve motor distal latency (MDL) was abnormal in 92.1% to the right and in 80.0% to the left hand. There were no differences between right and left for all electrophysiological parameters. In CTS related to manual milking most cases were men, with the MDL more affected than the sensory distal latencies and the electrophysiological abnormalities were found to be symmetric. Manual milking could be a natural model for occupational CTS. In contrast to idiopathic CTS, there was a greater involvement of motor fascicles; this finding is remarkable for CTS.

On some aspects of the life and work of John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, F. R. S., in India

1987 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-237 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Presidency College ◽  
Statistical Institute ◽  
Trunk Road ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Indian Statistical ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Time

The area of Baranagore on the northern outskirts of Calcutta consists of various industries and factories interspersed with small neighbourhoods of middle-class homes. The main artery o f transport is the Barrackpore Trunk Road, a wide and straight thoroughfare originally built by the British Colonial rulers for the rapid movement of their troops from their barracks to the strategic sea-port of Calcutta. The Indian Statistical Institute occupies several city blocks along this highway. It was founded by Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, F.R.S., in the early 1930s as a small Statistical Laboratory at the Presidency College, Calcutta, where he was then the Professor o f Physics. At the time of Haldane’s arrival in India the institute employed 2000 workers. On 4 January 1958 I was ushered into a classroom on the second floor of the institute to await Haldane’s arrival. I had never met him before that date. I had read a great deal about his bad temper, ferocity and eccentric behaviour in the popular press. In response to my request for a research position under his direction, Haldane had earlier tested my knowledge in plant genetics with some assignments and was satisfied to the extent that he offered me a scholarship at the institute. In the mean time I was personally interviewed by Mahalanobis in New Delhi at Haldane’s request. As I was waiting for Haldane that morning I was far from certain that I had made the right decision to work with him.

Coordination of mucociliary transport in human trachea and intrapulmonary airways

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1057-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Yeates ◽  
B. R. Pitt ◽  
D. M. Spektor ◽  
G. A. Karron ◽  
R. E. Albert
Keyword(s):  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Mucociliary Transport ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vertically Aligned ◽  
Human Trachea ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tracheal Mucus ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Made In

A wide range of both mucus velocities in the trachea and rates of bronchial mucociliary clearance have been measured in humans. To investigate the coordination of mucociliary transport in the intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary airways, simultaneous measurements of tracheal mucus velocity and lung clearance were made in 22 healthy nonsmoking adults. Each subject inhaled several breaths of an iron oxide aerosol tagged with 99mTc. Measurements of retained activity in the right lung were made for 2.25 h with a pair of 5 x 2 in. NaI (T1) detectors. Tracheal mucociliary transport rates (TMTR) were measured with a probe containing six vertically aligned rectangular NaI (T1) detectors. The mean TMTR was 5.1 +/- 2.9 mm/min. The mean time for the first bolus to be detected on the multidetector probe (large airway transit time, LATT) was 52 +/- 24 min. At this time the percent cleared (Bi) was 24 +/- 15% and the rate of clearance (Bi) was 0.64 +/- 0.35%/min. The mean percent cleared within a 2-h interval (B120) was 51 +/- 22%. The TMTR was closely correlated with Bi and Bi with B120. The TMTR was also correlated to B120, but not closely correlated with LATT. It is suggesting that coordination of mucus transport throughout the airways of the lung represents the nonchallenged state and is responsible for the maintenance of normal bronchial toilet.

Pulmonary and hepatic metastasectomy in colorectal cancer–is it worth it

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 14574-14574
Author(s):  
G. Demir ◽  
R. U. Gürsu ◽  
S. Pekmezci ◽  
K. Kaynak
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Hepatic Metastases ◽  
Left Lobe ◽  
Postoperative Chemotherapy ◽  
Pulmonary Metastasectomy ◽  
Primary Surgery ◽  
Right Lobe ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Time

14574 Forty eight patients (24 males and 24 females) with colorectal carcinoma and lung or hepatic metastasis who had undergone metastasectomy were evaluated retrospectively. The mean age was 58.12±8.34 years (43–79 years). The mean age of the males was 60.16±8.21 years (47–79 years), while it was 56.08±8.13 years in the females (43–71 years). Among the 48 metastasectomies that were performed, 11 were pulmonary metastases, and 37 were hepatic metastases. The mean time to the hepatic metastasectomy after primary surgery was 324.37±420.04. Among the hepatic metastases, one was located in the caudate lobe, 16 were located in the right lobe, and 20 were located in the left lobe. Thirty of the patients had received postoperative chemotherapy after liver metastasectomy. Twenty two of the patients who underwent liver metastasectomy (59%) had a recurrence. In 14 of these, (38%) the recurrence was in the liver. Overall survival of the patients with liver metastasectomy was 914.19±577.08 days. Survival after metastasectomy was 578.80±331.54 days. On the other hand, the mean time to pulmonary metastasectomy after primary surgery was 811.81±552.06 days. Eight of the lung metastases were located in the right lobe, whereas 3 were located in the left lobe. Three patients had concomittant metastases in the right upper and lower lobes, and one patient had additional liver metastasis. Eight of the patients who underwent pulmonary metastasectomy had received postoperative chemotherapy. Five of the patients who underwent pulmonary metastasectomy (45%) had a recurrence. Two of the patients had recurrence in the lung, while 3 had recurrence elsewhere. Overall survival of the patients who underwent pulmonary metastasectomy after initial surgery was 1341.54±816.21 days. Survival after metastasectomy was 528.81±365.45 days while recurrence-free survival after pulmonary metastasctomy was 342.18±125.71 days. Conclusion: This study suggests that patients with pulmonary metastasectomies have even beter clinical outcomes then hepatic metastasectomies in patients with metastatic coloercatla cencer. Every effort should be made to perform both pulmonary and hepatic metastasectomies in this group of patients. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Architecture of the Great Pyramid of Giza Concept and Construction

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel Yasseen
Keyword(s):  
Old Kingdom ◽  
Great Pyramid ◽  
Egyptian Culture ◽  
Massive Number ◽  
Northern Edge ◽  
Egyptian Soil ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Lime Stone

Egyptian culture of the old kingdom was locally and regionally simple and efficient; belief was in the sky and humanism was regulated by Ma’at as the key concept in Egyptian mentality. IUNU was the capital of the black land KEMET where ”IUNU UNIVERSITY” is located. Physics were well studied; was already known; the right angle triangle of members 3, 4, and 5 with the 53o angle was in use. Supremacy was integrated on earth by multiple interpretations in architecture. The great pyramid of Giza was and still the best magnificent structure ever built on earth without having contemporary science’s final word been said. Massive lime stone blocks are now arranged there in a huge massive number of about two and half million pieces; their weight could reach 6.5 million tons. Conceptually there was a strong belief that symbolism connects hot spots on the Egyptian soil as it represented the known world, as well as the main stars were connected in multiple constellations on the dome of the observed sky. Pyramids of Giza plateau, Saqqara plateau, and Abusir plateau were all examples of that concept. Other pyramids of Iunu era were also related to the same concept. Structurally the Giza axis coincided on the Giza plateau. Giza plateau was a part of the Moqattam plateau during the Eocene formation. Pyramids on the worked out surface of the plateau were built with the local lime stone. Pyramids’ blocks were extracted, shaped and transported to its definite place within the precinct of the plateau. Chiseled pieces of stone - as waste from shaping blocks - were thrown out on the northern edge of the plateau. Constructional perception of what and why the Khufu pyramid took that shape shows some facts; two hundred courses composed the total existed mass where each group of courses composed a layer. Each layer started with thicker course and ended in thinner ones. Higher layers got lesser courses. So far, one should start thinking now why there were layers; why thicker and thinner courses existed. In the mean time as mortar was not in use by that time, pyramids –as in Saqqara- were formed in inclined walls, as shown in the adjacent photo. In addition, inclined walls must have formed the whole structure of Khufu pyramid.

Surgical construction of a novel simulated carotid siphon in dogs

2008 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 1173-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua-Qiao Tan ◽  
Ming-Hua Li ◽  
Yue-Qi Zhu ◽  
Chun Fang ◽  
Chun-Geng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Covered Stents ◽  
Carotid Siphon ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Endovascular Devices ◽  
Intracranial Vasculature

Object The development and preclinical assessment of new endovascular devices necessitate readily available and reproducible animal models. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vivo carotid siphon model for testing the properties of covered stents specially designed for the intracranial vasculature. Methods Six carotid siphon–shaped devices were created. Six dogs underwent surgery to expose and isolate both common carotid arteries (CCAs). The right CCA origin was ligated and incised distal to the ligation point after temporary constriction of the distal right CCA. The distal left CCA was ligated and incised proximal to the ligation point after the left CCA origin was temporarily clamped. The proximal isolated left CCA was passed through the shaped device and then anastomosed end-to-end to the distal isolated right CCA. Finally, the shaped device was fixed and embedded in the neck. Intraarterial digital subtraction angiography was performed at 7 days, 2 weeks, and 1 month postprocedure. All models underwent endovascular interventional simulation. The carotid siphon models were evaluated. Results The animals tolerated the surgical procedure well. The mean time for surgical construction of the model was 90 minutes. The morphology and endovascular manipulation of the siphon models were similar to those in humans. Stenosis of anastomotic stoma occurred in 2 models, and mural thrombosis of anastomotic stoma occurred in 1 model; however, all models were patent at postprocedural follow-up angiography. Conclusions Surgical construction of an in vivo carotid siphon model in dogs with carotid siphon–shaped devices is feasible and potentially useful for testing neurovascular devices.

Hypernephroma Metastatic to the Palatine Tonsils

1979 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richmond J. Brownson ◽  
William E. Jaques ◽  
Samuel E. LaMonte ◽  
William K. Zollinger
Keyword(s):  
Time Interval ◽  
Primary Malignancy ◽  
Palatine Tonsils ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Node Involvement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tonsillar Metastasis ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mean Time

Review of the literature discloses 76 cases of carcinoma metastatic to the palatine tonsil. Of these cases reported or mentioned, 51 were detailed sufficiently or occurred frequently enough to allow analysis. We add two new cases of hypernephroma, and also study the courses of patients with primaries of the stomach, breast, lung and melanoma and seminoma. Bilateral tonsillar involvement is found to be very common in melanoma and not uncommon in seminoma and adenocarcinomas of the stomach and breast. It is uncommon for bronchogenic carcinoma and hypernephroma to metastasize to both palatine tonsils. When laterality is present the left tonsil is more commonly involved than the right, except by melanoma. Regarding neoplastic involvement of the primary organ, the left side gives rise to malignancies more often than the right side. Only seminoma has a high incidence of cervical node involvement. Over 77% of patients have evidence of other metastases. The mean time interval between development of the primary and the tonsillar secondary is one year or less in seminomas, bronchogenic carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the stomach, but 2½ years or more for adenocarcinomas of the breast and kidney and melanomas. The mean time of survival after appearance of the tonsillar metastasis is nine months or less, regardless of the cell type of the primary malignancy.

DMSA-scintigraphy in paediatrics: Is the evaluation of the geometric mean necessary for the calculation of the differential renal function?

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (04) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Roßmüller ◽  
S. Alalp ◽  
S. Fischer ◽  
S. Dresel ◽  
K. Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Posterior View ◽  
Renal Abnormality ◽  
Anterior View ◽  
Differential Renal Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive

SummaryFor assessment of differential renal function (PF) by means of static renal scintigraphy with Tc-99m-dimer-captosuccinic acid (DMSA) the calculation of the geometric mean of counts from the anterior and posterior view is recommended. Aim of this retrospective study was to find out, if the anterior view is necessary to receive an accurate differential renal function by calculating the geometric mean compared to calculating PF using the counts of the posterior view only. Methods: 164 DMSA-scans of 151 children (86 f, 65 m) aged 16 d to 16 a (4.7 ± 3.9 a) were reviewed. The scans were performed using a dual head gamma camera (Picker Prism 2000 XP, low energy ultra high resolution collimator, matrix 256 x 256,300 kcts/view, Zoom: 1.6-2.0). Background corrected values from both kidneys anterior and posterior were obtained. Using region of interest technique PF was calculated using the counts of the dorsal view and compared with the calculated geometric mean [SQR(Ctsdors x Ctsventr]. Results: The differential function of the right kidney was significantly less when compared to the calculation of the geometric mean (p<0.01). The mean difference between the PFgeom and the PFdors was 1.5 ± 1.4%. A difference > 5% (5.0-9.5%) was obtained in only 6/164 scans (3.7%). Three of 6 patients presented with an underestimated PFdors due to dystopic kidneys on the left side in 2 patients and on the right side in one patient. The other 3 patients with a difference >5% did not show any renal abnormality. Conclusion: The calculation of the PF from the posterior view only will give an underestimated value of the right kidney compared to the calculation of the geometric mean. This effect is not relevant for the calculation of the differntial renal function in orthotopic kidneys, so that in these cases the anterior view is not necesssary. However, geometric mean calculation to obtain reliable values for differential renal function should be applied in cases with an obvious anatomical abnormality.

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