scholarly journals On the action of crystallized bodies on homogeneous light, and on the causes of the deviation from Newton’s scale in the tints which many of them develope on exposure to a polarized ray

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 122-123
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Angular Deviation ◽  
Biot’S Theory ◽  
Double Refraction ◽  
Biot's Theory ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Polarization Of Light

When Malus published his discovery of the polarization of light the list of doubly-refracting crystals was small; and as the most remarkable of them possessed only one axis of double refraction, it Was presumed that the law discovered by Huyghens, applicable to that one, might hold good in all; but the discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction has proved the fallacy of such generalization, and rendered new and extensive investigations necessary. There are two modes of conducting observations on double refraction and polarization; the one turns upon immediate observation of the angular deviation of the extraordinary pencil, the other depends upon the separation of a polarized ray into complementary portions by the action of a crystallized lamina. After noticing the advantages of the latter, Mr. H. observes, that to render observations on the tints developed by polarized light available, they must be comparable to each other; hence the importance of discovering the existence and tracing the laws of those causes which operate to disturb their regularity. In the author’s first inquiries on the polarization of light, he was Struck by the great deviation from the succession of colours in their laminæ, as observed by Newton, which many crystals exhibit when cut into plates perpendicular to one of their axes; and finding this phenomenon unconnected with irregularities in their thickness or polish, and uniformly repeated in different and perfect specimens, he was led to inquire into their causes, especially as they appeared to form an unanswerable objection to M. Biot’s theory, which perfectly explains the tints in crystals with one axis.

scholarly journals IV. On the action of crystallized bodies on homogeneous light, and on the causes of the deviation from Newton's scale in the tints which many of them develope on exposure to a polarised ray

1820 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 45-100 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Angular Deviation ◽  
Double Refraction ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical Constitution

Since the period of the brilliant discovery of Malus of the polarisation of light by reflection, the investigation of the general laws which regulate the action of crystallized bodies on light, has advanced with a rapidity truly astonishing, and the labours of an Arago, a Brewster, and a Biot, have already gone far towards completing the edifice of which that distinguished philosopher laid the foundation. When Malus wrote, the list of doubly refracting crystals was small, and the most remarkable among them possessing only one axis of double refraction, it seems to have been for some time, tacitly at least, presumed that the law discovered by Huygens, and since re-established in the most rigorous manner for that one, might hold good in all. The discovery, by Dr. Brewster, of crystals possessing two axes of double refraction, or two directions in which a ray may penetrate their substance without separation into distinct pencils, has proved the fallacy of any such generalization, and rendered it necessary to enter on a far more extensive scale of investigation. There are two methods which may be pursued in observations on double refraction and polarisation, the one direct, the other indirect. The former turns on immediate observations of the angular deviation of the extraordinary pencil, and is, of course, only applicable when the forces which act exclusively on the rays composing it are sufficiently intense to cause a sensible separation of the two pencils. There exist, however, a multitude of crystals in which the force of double refraction is so feeble as to produce scarcely any, or at most a very inconsiderable deviation of the extraordinary ray, and in which, consequently, the laws of double refraction could neither be investigated nor verified, without having recourse to some artificial means of magnifying the quantity to be observed; a thing easy enough in theory, but requiring, in practice, the greatest nicety on the part of the observer, and in many cases altogether impracticable, from the physical constitution of the crystals themselves. The indirect method depends on the discovery of Arago, scarcely inferior in intrinsic importance to that of Malus, of the separation of a polarised ray into complementary portions by the action of a crystallized lamina. It was reserved, however, for the genius of M. Biot, to trace this striking phenomenon to its ultimate causes, in the action of crystals on the differently coloured rays, and to develope, in a simple and elegant theory, the successive gradations by which the polarisation of a ray in its passage through a doubly refracting crystal is performed; while, on the other hand, the splendid phenomena of the polarised rings, which we owe to Dr. Brewster, have established the connection of the tints so polarised with the force producing the deviation of the extraordinary pencil, and shown the legitimacy of conclusions respecting the intensity of the latter, drawn from observations on the former.

scholarly journals On the laws which regulate the absorption of polarized light by doubly refracting crystals. By David Brewster, LL. D. F. R. S. Lond. and Edinb. In a letter addressed to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. G. C. B. P. R. S

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 104-105
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Refraction ◽  
Pink Colour ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Number Of Particles

In examining the polarizing structure of acetate of copper, the author’s attention was drawn to certain changes of colour exhibited by its crystal, when exposed in different positions to polarized light; and as these were independent of the thickness of the plate, and of any analysis of the transmitted pencil, he was induced to regard them as a new affection of light, ascribable to the absorption of the homogeneous tints forming the compound colour of the crystal. Dr. Brewster, therefore, collected a variety of coloured crystals, with a view to examine the phenomena which they presented, when cut at different angles with the axis, and when exposed in different positions to polarized light. The details of this examination are next given; and as the property of transparent bodies, by which they detain and assimilate to their own substance a portion of the rays which penetrate them while the rest are freely transmitted, is related to the axes of double refraction, the author first describes the phenomena presented by crystals of one axis, and then explains the modifications which they undergo when the number of axes is increased. It appears from these investigations that the colouring particles of crystals, instead of being indiscriminately dispersed throughout their mass, have an arrangement related to the ordinary and extraordinary forces which they exert upon light. In some cases, the extraordinary medium appeared to be tinged with the same kind and number of colouring particles as the ordinary medium; but in other cases, in the same mineral, the extraordinary medium was either tinged with a different number of particles of the same colour, or with a colouring matter entirely different from that of the ordinary medium. In some specimens of topaz the colouring matter of the one medium was more easily discharged by heat than that of the other, one of the pencils being yellow and the other pink : hence it is a mistake to suppose that in converting yellow topazes into pink by heat, the former colour is changed into the latter; the fact being, that the yellow is discharged by heat, thus leaving the pink unimpaired. Hence it may be ascertained beforehand whether a topaz will receive a pink colour by heat; for if that colour exist in one of its images, seen by exposing it to a polarized ray, we may predict the success of the experiment.

scholarly journals XXV.—Experiments on the Ordinary Refraction of Iceland Spar

1847 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Swan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Optical Axis ◽  
Transmitted Light ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Refraction ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Iceland Spar

According to the theory devised by Huygens, to explain the phenomenon of double refraction in Iceland spar, a pencil of light transmitted through that substance is divided into two pencils; the index of refraction for the one being constant, while for the other it varies with the inclination of the transmitted light to the optical axis of the crystal.Dr Wollaston, in 1802, verified the spheroidal form of the wave of light, which Huygens had assumed to account for the refraction of the extraordinary pencil, by a careful experimental investigation, conducted by means of his elegant instrument for “examining refractive and dispersive powers by prismatic reflection.” In 1810, Malus, in his Théorie de la Double Réfraction, also demonstrated experimentally the accuracy of the Huygenian law for the extraordinary pencil. I have not had an opportunity of consulting the memoir of Malus, so as to know the precise nature of his experiments, with reference to the refraction of the ordinary ray; but the object of Dr Wollaston's researches was simply to prove the law of extraordinary refraction, and the constancy of the index of refraction for the ordinary ray, is therefore tacitly assumed by him.

Law’s Contradictions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimer Sultany
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

This chapter analyzes concrete Egyptian and Tunisian cases that showcase the interplay between continuity and rupture. These cases illustrate the lack of a systemic relation between law and revolution. On the one hand, the judiciary that interprets and applies the law is part of the very social and political conflicts it is supposed to resolve. On the other hand, the law is incoherent and there are often resources within the legal materials to play it both ways. Thus, the different forces at work use both continuity and rupture to advance their positions. Furthermore, legitimacy discourse mediates the contradictions between law and revolution in the experience of different legal and political actors. This mediation serves an ideological role because it presupposes a binary dichotomy between continuity and rupture, papers over law’s incoherence by reducing it to a singular voice, and reduces revolution to an event rather than a process.

Insider Trading in Israel and England, Part II

1972 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-410
Author(s):  
Aharon Yoran
Keyword(s):  
Insider Trading ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fiduciary Duties ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

It is submitted that even if the hapless outsider cannot bring an action for damages because of the existing state of the law regarding fiduciary duties and breach of statutory duties, he still has an equitable remedy of rescission of the contract based on quasi-contractual principles. The crime of fraud, under secs. 13 and 54, respectively, would be made the basis of setting the contract (of sale or purchase) aside. To support this proposition we shall explore the quasi-contractual principles which enable one contracting party, the victim of a crime committed by the other party in entering the contract, to defeat this contract.In Browning v. Morris, in an oft-quoted statement by Lord Mansfield, the following principle was declared: But, where contracts or transactions are prohibited by positive statutes, for protecting one set of men from another set of men; the one, from their situation and condition, being liable to be oppressed or imposed upon by the other; there, the parties are not in pan delicto; and in furtherance of these statutes, the person injured, after the transaction is finished and completed, may bring an action and defeat the contract.

Preventive Confinement of Dangerous Offenders

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Issue ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Sexual Predators ◽  
Dangerous Offenders ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Constitutional Regime

How to respond justly to the dangers persistent violent offenders present is a vexing moral and legal issue. On the one hand, we wish to reduce predation; on the other, we want to treat predators fairly. The central theme of this paper is that it is difficult to achieve both goals without compromising one of them, and that both are being seriously undermined. I begin by explaining the legal theory, doctrine and practice governing dangerous offenders (DO) and demonstrate that the law leaves a gap in the ability to confine them. Next I explore the means by which the law has overtly or covertly sought to fill the gap. Many of these measures, especially the new form of civil commitment for sexual predators, dangerously conflate moral and medical categories. I conclude that pure preventive detention is more common than we usually assume, but that this practice violates fundamental assumptions concerning liberty under the American constitutional regime.

STUDI KRITIS JUAL BELI DEKORASI UANG MASKAWIN

Al-MAJAALIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arifin Badri
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

This study aims to examine the laws of dowry money decoration that are common in the community. The innovation and soul of art that is channeled through décor of dowry money is proven to produce beautiful and unique works, so as to attract the attention and interest of the wider community. However, because to produce beautiful and unique works, a high level of creativity is needed, so not everyone can do it. On the one hand, this phenomenon opens up quite good business opportunities, but on the other hand, it should be watched out, because in some conditions it contains the practice of buying and selling currencies with nominal differences. Through this study, I would like to uncover the law of buying and selling practices decorating dowry money and decorating services. As I also intend to present an applicative solution for the community so that they can still channel their artistic talents without violating Shari’ah law.

Dismissal with Monetary Consideration under Art. 232, para. 2 of the Labour Code

De Jure ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hristo Banov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Employment Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Employment Contract ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Unilateral Termination ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Rules Set ◽  
Final Calculation

The article reviews the main differences between the monetary obligation of the employer under Art. 232, para. 2 of the Labour Code and other payments that the same party owes by law in the employment relationship. Thus, the hypotheses are differentiated, on the one hand, of the unilateral termination of the employment contract by the employer against monetary payment on the grounds of Art. 232, para. 2 of the Labour Code, and, on the other hand, the emergence of an obligation to pay certain compensations – in the true sense of the term – under Art. 213, Art. 214, Art. 219, para. 2 and Art. 225 of the Labour Code. Thereby, the thesis regarding the impossibility of incurring of an obligation on the employer to simultaneously execute the various mentioned monetary considerations, is reasoned. In addition, the rules set out in the law are discussed, both for contracting and for the final calculation of the amount of the employer’s monetary payment, which this study focuses on.

scholarly journals ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF SOCIETY AS REGULATORY FACTORS OF CIVIL LAW OF UKRAINE: THE ISSUE OF VALIDITY

2019 ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
V. Кroitor
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Regulatory Factors ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Moral Rules ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

The article studies the issue of scientific and practical validity of applying ethical principles of society as regulatory factors of civil law of Ukraine. Taking into account the lack of validity of ethical principles of society as regulatory factors, the author attempts to make a correlation between the content of such principles of civil law as fairness, integrity and reasonableness, on the one hand, and ethical principles of the society, on the other hand. The author of the paper proves that it is inappropriate to apply the provisions of morality as regulatory factors for the regulation of civil relations. The conclusion on the objection to the civil regularity of ethical principles of society is based on several theses. Firstly, moral rules are not formalized, which creates a threat of arbitrary interpretation of their content. Secondly, ethical principles do not have a definite source of origin. Thirdly, the fundamental ethical rules have already been taken into account in the content of the principles of fairness, integrity and reason, which in turn create competition between the two types of regulatory factors. Unreasonable duplication of regulatory requirements reduces the functionality of the law, complicates the perception of its requirements. The competition between the principles of law and the ethical principles of society must be eliminated by refusing to give the latter the function of regulatory factors. The author of the paper does not deny the possibility of taking into account the ethical principles of society while regulating the relations that have been neglected by the "official law".

Twintig jaar politieke strijd rond de abortuswetgeving in België (1970-1990)

Res Publica ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-487
Author(s):  
Els Witte
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
Abortion Law ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

Tbe struggle for the liberalization of the law on abortion began in Belgium in 1970 when the taboo was breached in an initial bill. However, support by pressure groups failed and this led to a long period of nondecision, which may be explained by the disunity in the camp of the supporters on the one hand and the blocking tactics of the Flemish Christian Democrats on the other. In 1986 a compromise between supporters finally emerged, and via a majority which cut right through the governmental coalition an abortion law was approved at the end of March 1990, which closely corresponds to British, French and Dutch legislation.  The catholic monarch's refusal to ratify the bill caused a political crisis which was solved by the unanimous signing by the assembled ministers.

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