Unsupervised discovery of dynamic cell phenotypic states from transmitted light movies

Identification of cell phenotypic states within heterogeneous populations, along with elucidation of their switching dynamics, is a central challenge in modern biology. Conventional single-cell analysis methods typically provide only indirect, static phenotypic readouts. Transmitted light images, on the other hand, provide direct morphological readouts and can be acquired over time to provide a rich data source for dynamic cell phenotypic state identification. Here, we describe an end-to-end deep learning platform, UPSIDE (Unsupervised Phenotypic State IDEntification), for discovering cell states and their dynamics from transmitted light movies. UPSIDE uses the variational auto-encoder architecture to learn latent cell representations, which are then clustered for state identification, decoded for feature interpretation, and linked across movie frames for transition rate inference. Using UPSIDE, we identified distinct blood cell types in a heterogeneous dataset. We then analyzed movies of patient-derived acute myeloid leukemia cells, from which we identified stem-cell associated morphological states as well as the transition rates to and from these states. UPSIDE opens up the use of transmitted light movies for systematic exploration of cell state heterogeneity and dynamics in biology and medicine.

ANALISIS HUBUNGAN INDEKS BIAS DAN INTENSITAS CAHAYA PADA BERBAGAI FLUIDA

This research aimed to examine the relationship between refractive index and light intensity in various fluids. This type of this research was experimental research. The measurement data obtained the refractive index values of various fluids, namely the refractive index of spirit, watered, alcohol, oil, and oil respectively 1. 3066 ± 0. 0053, 1. 319 ± 0. 0056, 1. 3422 ± 0. 0061, 1. 438 ± 0. 0054, 1. 576 ± 0. 0068. The data from the measurement of light intensity in various fluids obtained the valued of the intensity of light that passed through spirit, watered, alcohol, oil, and oil, respectively, namely 1220. 8 ± 3. 72 lux, 1219 ± 3. 9 lux, 1216. 2 ± 3, 77 lux, 1202. 6 ± 3. 88 lux, and 1180. 2 ± 4. 07 lux. The results of this research obtained a valued of r = 1 which indicates that the relationship between the refractive index and light intensity was very strong. The conclusion in this studied was that there was a relationship between refractive index and light intensity. This relationship could been seen in the refractive index, the greater the valued in the fluid would made the transmitted light intensity decrease or inversely proportional. Key word: fluid, light intensity, refractive index

SPECTRAL TRANSMISSION AND SCATTERING CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN SKIN

It is necessary for making the real appearance of human skin sample to deal with not only the spectral reflectance characteristics but also the multi-layer structure and translucency. This paper reported the measurement and analysis of the spectral transmitted and scattering light characteristics. For five subjects, the maximum of transmitted light intensity was resulted at 700 nm near the light source, and decreased with decreasing wavelength. Longer the wavelength, longer the distance which the transmitted light intensity was downing to zero. we defined the average attenuation ratio per unit transmitted light intensity which had the calculation range from 3.5 mm from the light source to the distance that the variation ratio of the transmitted light intensity per unit distance was converged to zero. All subjects’ results showed the peak of the average attenuation ratio at 700 nm and the value were almost 0.5. And they decreased with decreasing wavelength.

Temperature-responded tunable metalenses based on phase transition materials

Once the metalenses are fabricated, the functions of most are invariable. The tunability and reconfigurability are useful and cost-saving for metalenses in realistic applications. We demonstrated this tunability here via a novel hybrid metalens with the strategic placement of an ultra-thin VO2 layer. The hybrid metalens is capable of dynamically modulating the focusing intensity of transmitted light at 1550 nm, and demonstrated a 42.28% focusing efficiency of the incident light and 70.01% modulation efficiency. The hybrid metalens’ optothermal simulations show the optothermal conversion progress of dynamic focusing, and the maximum laser density of 1.76×103 W/cm2 can be handled at an ambient temperature lower than 330 K. The hybrid metalens proposed in this work, a light-dose sensitive tunable smart metalens that can protect other instruments/systems or materials from damage, has its specific applications such as anti-satellite blinding, bio-imaging, etc.

Image Segmentation for Reflected-Light Microscopy: Some Theoretical Approaches

Often when we approach the study of lithologies coming from the urban environment, but in general, even from any other environment, be it a quarry, a mine, an outcrop of our interest, the first study we carry out is the one in reflected-light optical-microscopy. Reflected-light microscopy in respect to transmitted-light microscopy requires minimal sample preparation, having to polish a single surface and without the need to thin the samples to allow light to pass through them. It may be useful, already in the first analysis, to try to produce quantitative data on what we are observing. A further advantage of reflected light in an urban environment is that of being able to observe and describe the formation or interaction between opaque minerals and the environment. Information that we lose by passing directly to the transmitted light. The information that can be useful to us and that we can obtain are the relative porosity of the sample, the texture (when easily recognizable in reflected light), the maximum size and shape of the edges of the grains. To all this is added the relationship between the areas of the different crystallites identified and the possible background mass, which cannot be solved on the observation scale. When we are dealing with many samples, we do not always have the time to be able to study individually sample by sample through images, so we resort to the use of image analysis tools for image segmentation and analysis. Among these, the main thresholding method with the Otsu method, the segmentation with the k averages algorithm, and, finally, a neural network of the SOM type. In this short work, we will review the main methods of image segmentation plus an innovative method developed by our group, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses.