scholarly journals XVIII. On the development of Carcinus mænas

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 544-546
Keyword(s):  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adult Type ◽  
General Law ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Perfect Form ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Larval Condition

The author, after noticing the history of the subject, and the opposition which the assertion, “that the Zoë of naturalists is the larva of a common crab,” received, traces the progress of the development of the animal from the Zæa to the adult, and endeavours to demonstrate, that from the youngest to the most perfect form, the changes are the result of no sudden transformation, but produced by a gradual series of alterations contemporary with every succeeding moult; that the Zæa is connected with the Megalopa , and the latter with the adult by many intermediate gradations, each in itself scarcely appreciable, and progressively approximating nearer and nearer the more perfect stages. The author asserts that the development is earliest and most complete anteriorly; that when first born, the seventh or posterior segment of the head, one or more of the posterior segments of the pereion (thorax), and the penultimate of the pleon (abdomen) are wanting in the brachyurous Decapods; but that this general law loses somewhat of its force in the descending scale of development; and as it becomes less persistent, the animal approximates in the larval condition nearer to the form of the adult type; while on the other hand, the same appears to be a constant law of the depreciation in adult forms, as exhibited in the more or less aberrant Amphipoda, such as Cyrtophium, Dulichia , &c.

scholarly journals Periodyki późnej epoki stanisławowskiej jako źródła dla historyka prawa ustrojowego. O „Gazecie Narodowej i Obcej” oraz „Pamiętniku Historyczno-Polityczno-Ekonomicznym”

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-312
Author(s):  
Anna Tarnowska
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Political Journalism ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The following contribution is devoted to the informative and political journalism of the Stanislaw II Augustus era. It may constitute a secondary source for the research of law historians, particularly in the studies of the history of the system of government. Among other things, the article refers to “The Index of Bills” (Polish Seriarz Projektów do Prawa) which may be regarded as the first Polish legal periodical. Special attention is devoted to two landmark journals of the Great Sejm period, namely “The National and Foreign Newspaper” (Polish Gazeta Narodowa i Obca) and “The Historical, Political and Economical Journal” (Polish Pamiętnik Historyczno-Polityczno-Ekonomiczny), as well as to their editors. “The National and Foreign Newspaper” became the most popular contemporary periodical (1791-1792) which promulgated the subject matter of the proceedings and the effects of the legislative work of the Great Sejm. Moreover, it was shaping political sympathies of its readers in a relatively subtle way. On the other hand, particular commitment to politics and social policy was expressed by Piotr Świtkowski who was the editor and the publisher of “The Historical, Political and Economical Journal” (1782-1792). The end of both publications was brought about by the legal acts of the Targowica Confederation.

scholarly journals Labyrinth, Monster, Mirror. In speculo nulla est redemptio

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Rafael Herra
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
Alter Ego

The importance of the labyrinth and the mirror in the history of culture has never ceased. This article reflects on what they agree on and what can be learned from them. The effort to determine where these myths converge brings me to the theme of the monster, which, however, is not always the same. In the article I point out the differences: the Minotaur represents power and is born alongside the labyrinth; the mirror monster, on the other hand, is inside the subject, and it is also an outer voice — an alter ego. Ethical consequences can be drawn from these observations.

Changing Thegns: Cnut's Conquest and the English Aristocracy

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharin Mack
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Edward The Confessor

England was conquered twice in the eleventh century: first in 1016 by Cnut the Dane and again in 1066 by William Duke of Normandy. The influence of the Norman Conquest has been the subject of scholarly warfare ever since E.A. Freeman published the first volume of his History of the Norman Conquest of England in 1867—and indeed, long before. The consequences of Cnut's conquest, on the other hand, have not been subjected to the same scrutiny. Because England was conquered twice in less than fifty years, historians have often succumbed to the temptation of comparing the two events. But since Cnut's reign is poorly documented and was followed quickly by the restoration of the house of Cerdic in the person of Edward the Confessor, such studies have tended to judge 1016 by the standards of 1066. While such comparisons are useful, they have imposed a model on Cnut's reign which has distorted the importance of the Anglo-Scandinavian period. If, however, Cnut's reign is compared with the Anglo-Saxon past rather than the Anglo-Norman future, the influence of 1016 can be more fairly assessed.

scholarly journals SEJARAH PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA; PERSPEKTIF SEJARAH KRITIS IBNU KHOLDUN

KUTTAB ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoni Rahmatullah Amrozi
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Research Results ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Education Needs

The history of Islamic education is inseparable from the internal and external influences on the development and growth of Islamic education, these two influences accumulatively converge into one and produce a whole form of Islamic education in Indonesia. On the other hand the existence of the history of Islamic education has also long been the subject of studies conducted by some historians, both from within and from abroad. There have been many research results that inform Islamic education in Indonesia in a complete and comprehensive form. Based on this fact, the study of the history of Islamic education needs to be analyzed and applied to be used as reference material and references by Muslims themselves to better understand the journey and growth of Islamic education itself reviewed in Ibn Khaldun's perspective.

The Place of Psychoanalysis in the History of the Jews

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Zaretsky
Keyword(s):  
Jewish History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Hebrew Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Abstract Notion ◽  
The One

Situating psychoanalysis in the context of Jewish history, this paper takes up Freud's famous 1930 question: what is left in Judaism after one has abandoned faith in God, the Hebrew language and nationalism, and his answer: a great deal, perhaps the very essence, but an essence that we do not know. On the one hand, it argues that ‘not knowing’ connects psychoanalysis to Judaism's ancestral preoccupation with God, a preoccupation different from that of the more philosophical Greek, Latin and Christian traditions of theology. On the other hand, ‘not knowing‘ connects psychoanalysis to a post-Enlightenment conception of the person (i.e. of personal life), as opposed to the more abstract notion of the subject associated with Kant.

The Wheel of Aristotle and French Consideration of Galileo's Arguments

1968 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-534
Author(s):  
Pierre Costabel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Infinitesimal Calculus ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The paradox of Aristotle's wheel has been the subject of so many scholarly debates that it seems opportune to make these debates the substance of a new study. Galileo saved the subject from oblivion by discusing it on the first day of his Discorsi [1].* Philosophers consider the problem in term of infinitesimal calculus and are grateful to Galileo for having illuslrated the dangers of depending upon intuitive notions. Physical scientists, on the other hand, consider the problem elementary and rarely condescend to examine it seriously. We shall consider the texts and history of this argument, since these areas have been neglected by scientists and philosophers.

The Chatsworth Head

1938 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
A. J. B. Wace
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come

Mrs. Strong in her publication of this head has described it fully and has discussed its place, as a work of art, in the history of Greek scuplture, and it is not my intention to discuss the head from those aspects. It is to be dated, as she has shown, to the second quarter of the fifth century, probably between 470 and 460. It probably represents an Apollo, and chronologically belongs to the group which includes the originals of the Cassel Apollo and the Terme Apollo, both marble copies of bronze originals. As to its stylistic kinship with these or other works, any discussion would be fruitless, for it would be impossible to arrive at any degree of probability in attempting to attribute either the Chatsworth head or the two Apollos mentioned to any one of the Greek artists of that age whose names are known, for we have little or no evidence for their style.The head was acquired by the sixth Duke of Devonshire at Smyrna from H. P. Borrell in 1838, and, according to a note from the vendor, was reported to have been found at Salamis in Cyprus. It would be a natural presumption that a head in the market at Smyrna would have been more likely to come from one of the Greek sites of Western Asia Minor. On the other hand, the mere fact that an unlikely, rather than a likely, provenance was given to the head is in its favour, for there would presumably be no reason to give it an unlikely provenance unless it was correct. So the head may really have come from Salamis in Cyprus. Further excavation at that site may throw more light on the subject. In any case, in the later years of the decade 470-460 B.C. there was a renaissance of Greek influence, especially Attic, in Cyprus after the battle of the Eurymedon.

scholarly journals Le logica impecabile del irrational

1969 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Carnielli
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
New Method ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Logic Systems ◽  
The One ◽  
Combining Logics

This paper is written in INTERLINGUA2, a form of modern Latin without declensions whose use in science was initiated by G. Peano, preceded by Descartes and Leibniz. I am following here the IALA conventions for INTERLINGUA of 1952. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first text in logic or philosophy ever written in INTERLINGUA. The paper offers an introduction to some philosophical and logical questions concerned with the problem of the contradictory in logic, traditionally seen as some form of irrationality, as well as a comparison between some distinct positions, their logical approaches and reciprocal criticisms. A brief account of the history of the subject is also sketched. In particular, some recent results about the logics of formal inconsistency (LFIs), the society semantics and its general form, the possible-translations semantics, are emphasized here not only as a new method for combining logics, but also as an impeccable foundation to what is taken to be as the irrational. These syntactical and semantical tools have the double intention of, on the one hand, to systematize and to precisely define an ample class of logic systems, and on the other hand to offer alternative semantic interpretations to certain less studied non-classical logics, while making possible to combine simple logics so as to obtain other logics with a richer structure. We try to assess here the interest, the degree of success and the capability the LFIs and of the possible-translations semantics (as well as its associate, the society semantics) as conceptual contrivances to overcome the irrational.

scholarly journals Serbian language, society, ideology

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 806-832
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kostić-Tmušić ◽  
Milica Đukić
Keyword(s):  
Language Ideologies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Language System ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Social Importance

Language is a phenomenon that is inseparable from all spheres of life. Since language is the basic means of communication, its social importance is indisputable. Without language, the society could not function; on the other hand, language could not "live" if there was no use of it. The characteristics of a nation are reflected in language, while, in turn, language makes a nation to a great extent; it constitutes a socio-cultural reflection. It is related to history, politics and different institutions, such as church and school, and it unstoppably performs its function in these areas. The use of language differs depending on its power and status in the society. Language influences the society with its power, but social changes also largely contribute to language changes. Both society and language are alive, so changes occur concurrently in both spheres. There are many different ideologies that have spread their influence in the history of the society development. One of them would be the ideology of language standard, or the proper use of language, which will be separately elaborated in our paper. Our civilization is founded on rules, or different norms of behaviour present in language and in the society. Communication is successfully realized by observing the existing conventions, without which the language system would not survive. We unconsciously accept language ideologies and rules, not paying attention to the great power of language in everyday activities. Language, society, politics, rules and changes are the subject of this article, and they are observed in their specific features and comparison.

scholarly journals The History and Main Avenues of Historical Lexicography in the Comparative Aspect (On the Example of Historical Dictionaries of the Russian and Czech Languages)

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-97
Author(s):  
Oxana G. Truhlarova ◽  
◽  
Simona Korycankova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Wide Circle ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The aim of the present article is to trace the establishment of the Russian and Czech historical lexicography and conduct a comparative study of the features of historical dictionaries of these languages. Historical dictionaries of the Czech and Russian languages served as the subject matter of the study. The dictionaries are reviewed chronologically and analyzed according to several lexicographical criteria: time of creation, pool of sources, extent of vocabulary, entry structure, manner of representation of a word’s lexical meaning. Historical lexicography is distinguished by a certain terminological vagueness and ambiguity. Thus, the term “historical dictionary” can mean, on the one hand, a lexicographical study that represents the history of words in the course of a certain epoch in a language’s evolution. On the other hand, dictionaries that explain the meaning of words used in ancient writings can also be termed historical. Such ambiguity signifies that the subject of historical lexicography has not received sufficient attention, either in regards to individual languages, or the Slavic lexicography as a whole. This study has isolated the following stages in the development of the Czech and Russian historical lexicography: (1) 17th–18th centuries – scientific study of vocabulary gives rise to predecessors of historical dictionaries (wordlists, lexicons), (2) 19th century – descriptions of vocabulary stress diachronic changes, giving rise to the first historical dictionaries, (3) 20th century – historical lexicography joins linguistics as a distinct branch of scientific study. A methodology for the compilation of historical dictionaries is developed, many new historical dictionaries are compiled that encompass the entire span of a language’s history, as well as only certain formative stages of the Russian or Czech language. (4) Late 20th – early 21st centuries – conceptual changes to the editorial approach to the structure and compilation of historical dictionaries, the relevance of publishing the dictionaries in the printed form is debated. The introduction of IT into the linguistic science has enabled an expansion of the dictionary database. The practice of creating language corpora has given historical lexicography a new direction and made the material accessible to a wide circle of users. The following can be counted among the distinctive features of the Czech and Russian historical lexicography: a keen interest in the history of language on the part of Czech researchers at even the early stages of the linguistic science, adherence to Western European examples by Czech lexicographers, most historical dictionaries of the Czech language have never been published in full because the work on them has either been suspended or discontinued altogether. In the Russian historical lexicography, on the other hand, there is an intense ongoing effort to create new dictionaries.

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