scholarly journals I. On magneto-electric induction in liquids and gases.—Part I. production of induced currents in electrolytes

1878 ◽  
Vol 26 (179-184) ◽  
pp. 40-43
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Primary Circuit ◽  
Rubber Tube ◽  
Secondary Circuit ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Electric Induction ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Induced Currents ◽  
Solid Conductors

This paper contains an account of an experimental inquiry into the production of induced currents in liquids by magneto-electric induction. Faraday examined one such case of induction, in which a conducting liquid was used as a secondary circuit. He coiled round the armature of an electromagnet an india-rubber tube filled with dilute sulphuric acid, and found, on making and breaking the primary circuit, the induced currents generated in it, as in the case of metallic conductors; but he could not obtain any effect when brine, sulphuric acid, or other solutions were rotated in basins over a magnet, or enclosed in tubes and passed between the poles. He failed also to detect any magneto-electric current in water flowing across the earth’s lines of magnetic force (viz. in the river Thames). Since the reason for these negative results is not at once obvious, it seemed desirable to repeat and extend them to other cases, so that, if possible, the analogy of electrolytic with solid conductors might, in respect to magneto-electric induction, be completed. In addition, the subject involves the interesting question of the magneto-electric phenomena accompanying the flow of ocean-currents and other large masses of water.

III. Experimental researches in electricity. ─Twenty-fifth series

1851 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 29-84 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Central Line ◽  
General View ◽  
Axial Line ◽  
Electric Induction ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
As If

2797. The remarkable results given in a former series of these researches (2757. &c.) respecting the powerful tendency of certain gaseous substances to proceed either to or from the central line of magnetic force, according to their relation to other substances present at the same time, and yet the absence of all condensation or expansion of these bodies (2756.) which might be supposed to be consequent on such an amount of attractive or repulsive force as would be thought needful to produce this tendency and determination to particular places, have, upon consideration, led me to the idea, that if bodies possess different degrees of conducting power for magnetism, that difference may account for all the phenomena; and, further, that if such an idea be considered, it may assist in developing the nature of magnetic force. I shall therefore venture to think and speak freely on this matter for a while, for the purpose of drawing others into a consideration of the subject; though I run the risk, in doing so, of falling into error through imperfect experiments and reasoning. As yet, however, I only state the case hypothetically, and use the phrase conducting power as a general expression of the capability which bodies may possess of affecting the transmission of magnetic force; implying nothing as to how the process of conduction is carried on. Thus limited in sense, the phrase may be very useful, enabling us to take, for a time, a connected, consistent and general view of a large class of phenomena; may serve as a standard of meaning amongst them, and yet need not necessarily involve any error, inasmuch as whatever may be the principles and condition of conduction, the phenomena dependent on it must consist among themselves. 2798. If a medium having a certain conducting power occupy the magnetic field, and then a portion of another medium or substance be placed in the field having a greater conducting power, the latter will tend to draw up towards the place of greatest force, displacing the former. Such at least is the case with bodies that are freely magnetic, as iron, nickel, cobalt and their combinations (2357. 2363. 2367. &c.), and such a result is in analogy with the phenomena produced by electric induction. If a portion of still higher conducting power be brought into play, it will approach the axial line and displace that which had just gone there; so that a body having a certain amount of conducting power, will appear as if attracted in a medium of weaker power, and as if repelled in a medium of stronger power by this differential kind of action (2367. 2414.).

scholarly journals The growth of magnetism in iron under alternating magnetic force

1901 ◽  
Vol 68 (442-450) ◽  
pp. 218-227 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Shielding Effect ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Induced Currents

The object of this paper is to investigate the growth of magnetism in an iron cylinder when the magnetising force is alternating. The shielding effect of induced currents in plates of iron has been dealt with theoretically by Professor J. J. Thomson, and Professor J. A. Ewing. The subject has also been dealt with experimentally in the case of an iron cylinder, 4 inches diameter, with alternating magnetising force and with simple reversal of the magnetising force.

scholarly journals I. A Synoptic scale of chemical equivalents

1814 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

When the nature of any saline compound is proposed as the subject of inquiry to an analytic chemist, the questions that occur for his consideration are so varied and so numerous, that he will seldom be disposed to undertake a series of original experiments for the purpose of satisfying his inquiries, so long as he can rely upon the accuracy of those results that have been obtained by the labour of others, who have preceded him in this field of patient investigation. If, for instance, the salt under examination be the common blue vitriol, or crystallized sulphate of copper, the first obvious questions are, (1) How much sulphuric acid does it contain? (2) How much oxide of copper? (3) How much water? He may not be satisfied with these first steps in the analysis, but may desire to know further the quantities (4) of sulphur, (5) of copper, (6) of oxygen, (7) of hydrogen. As means of gaining this information, he naturally considers the quantities of various reagents that may be employed for discovering the quantity of sulphuric acid, (8) how much barytes, (9) carbonate of barytes, or (10) nitrate of barytes, would be requisite for this purpose; (11) How much lead is to be used in the form of (12) nitrate of lead; and when the precipitate of (13) sulphate of barytes or (14) sulphate of lead are obtained, it will be necessary that he should also know the proportion which either of them contains of dry sulphuric acid. He may also endeavour to ascertain the same point by means of (15) the quantity of pure potash, or (16) of carbonate of potash requisite for the precipitation of the copper. He might also use (17) zinc or (18) iron for the same purpose, and he may wish to know the quantities of (19) sulphate of zinc, or (20) sulphate of iron that will then remain in the solution.

V. Experimental researches in magnetism and electricity

1867 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 89-107 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Quantitative Relation ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Dynamic Force ◽  
Electric Induction ◽  
Similar Character ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
The Universe

1. The principle of the conservation of force, as I apprehend it, is the definite quantitative relation existing between all the phenomena of the universe whatsoever, both in direction and amount, whether such phenomena be considered in the relation of cause and effect, or as antecedent and consequent events. 2. In the particular application of this principle to the advancement of physical science, and also to the invention of new engines and machinery to meet the progressive requirements of society, problems not unfrequently present themselves which involve the consideration of static and dynamic force, from several different aspects; and the solution of these problems often brings out results which are as surprising as they are paradoxical. Of such cases, in which the idea of paradox alluded to is involved, may be mentioned the one contained in the 36th Proposition of Newton’s 'Principia' (Book 2, Cor. 2), and in D. Bernoulli’s 'Hydrodynamica,' p. 279; in which the repulsive force of a jet of Water issuing from a hole in the bottom or side of a vessel with a velocity which a body would acquire in falling freely from the surface, is equal to the weight of a column of water of which the base is equal to the section of the contracted vein and about twice the height of the column which produces the flowing pressure; the static force of reaction being thus double that which, without experiment, had been predicted. An instance in which the quantity of dynamic force is increased paradoxically may be seen in that curious and useful piece of apparatus the injector, by means of which a boiler containing steam of high pressure is able to feed itself with water through a hole in its shell, though this hole is open to the atmosphere; or the steam from a low-pressure boiler is enabled to drive the feed-water through a hole (also open to the atmosphere) into a high-pressure boiler. Although, when rightly interpreted, these examples of paradox, as well as many others of a similar character, are in strict accordance with the principle of conservation, yet they are at the same time contrary to the inferences which are generally drawn from analogical reasonings, and to some of those maxims of science which are framed for the instruction of the unlearned. As the examples cited are only adduced for the purpose of illustrating some analogous phenomena observed in connexion with certain combinations of static and dynamic force in molecular mechanics which form the subject of the present research, it is not my intention to enter into the rationale of either of them, but to direct attention to some new and paradoxical phenomena arising out of Faraday’s important discovery of magneto-electric induction, the close consideration of which has resulted in the discovery of a means of producing dynamic electricity in quantities unattainable by any apparatus hitherto constructed.

scholarly journals V. Researches on the action of sulphuric acid upon the amides and nitriles, with remarks on the conjugate sulpho-acids

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 158-165 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Short Summary ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Compounds

Since we had the honour of addressing the Royal Society upon the subject of the behaviour of acetamide and acetonitrile towards sulphuric acid, we have completed our experiments upon the amides and nitriles, and extended our researches to other groups of bodies. The results of these additional inquiries we now beg to present in the form of a second short summary, the analytical details and the more extended description of the new compounds being given in the complete memoir, which, at the same time, we have the honour of submitting to the Society.

On the issue of experimental meningitis in rabbits

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 760-762
Author(s):  
M. P. Izabolinsky ◽  
V. A. Batanov
Keyword(s):  
Negative Results ◽  
The Subject

The problem of experimental meningitis has long been the subject of attention from a number of researchers. It should be noted that among the huge mass of experiments carried out on a number of animals with the aim of obtaining experimentally meningitis and leading to negative results, only experiments on monkeys deserve attention.

scholarly journals Inductive powering of subcutaneous stimulators: key parameters and their impact on the design methodology

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Godfraind ◽  
Adrien Debelle ◽  
Laurent Lonys ◽  
Vicente Acuña ◽  
Pascal Doguet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Primary Circuit ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Secondary Circuit ◽  
Implantable Medical Devices

Inductive powering of implantable medical devices involves numerous factors acting on the system efficiency and safety in adversarial ways. This paper lightens up their role and identifies a procedure enabling the system design. The latter enables the problem to be decoupled into four principal steps: the frequency choice, the magnetic link optimization, the secondary circuit and then finally the primary circuit designs. The methodology has been tested for the powering system of a device requirering a power of 300mW and implanted at a distance of 15 to 30mm from the outside power source. It allowed the identification of the most critical parameters. A satisfying efficiency of 34% was reached at 21mm and tend to validate the proposed design procedure.

Magnetic Properties of Materials Used in Electric Arc Welding and Surfacing

2018 ◽  
Vol 938 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Alexander D. Razmyshlyaev ◽  
Marina V. Ahieieva ◽  
Elena V. Lavrova
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Arc Welding ◽  
Primary Circuit ◽  
Secondary Circuit ◽  
Electrode Wire ◽  
Electric Arc Welding ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Submerged Arc ◽  
Welding Materials

It was experimentally established earlier that the increment of the electrode wire melting coefficient at submerged arc welding and surfacing with magnetic fields action (with equal parameters of the welding mode) depends on the chemical composition of the wires. It is suggested that this effect depends on the magnetic properties of the welding materials, i.e. electrode wire and base metal. To measure the magnetic properties of welding materials, a method has been developed in which the magnetic properties of welding materials on samples are investigated. The samples were made in the form of tori, on which the primary and secondary windings were placed. The primary circuit contains an ammeter and a voltmeter, as well as a wattmeter that allows to take into account losses in the sample on hysteresis and Foucault currents, and the secondary circuit contains a voltmeter. Experimental data on the magnetic properties of some welding and surfacing wires, as well as of base metals, are obtained. A simplified method is proposed, in which torus samples are also used, but on which only one winding is placed, over which a direct current is flowed. The value of the increment of the electrode wire melting coefficient at arc welding with the action of magnetic fields increases with increasing their magnetic permeability.

scholarly journals XI. On the mutual action of sulphuric acid and naphthaline, and on a new acid produced

1826 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 140-162 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Carbonaceous Matter ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Mutual Action

In a Paper on new compounds of carbon and hydrogen , lately honoured by the Royal Society with a place in the Philosophical Transactions, I had occasion briefly to notice, the peculiar action exerted on certain of those compounds by sulphuric acid. During my attempts to ascertain more minutely the general nature of this action, I was led to suspect the occasional combination of the hydro-carbonaceous matter with the acid, and even its entrance into the constitution of the salts, which the acid afterwards formed with bases. Although this opinion proved incorrect, relative to the peculiar hydro-carbons forming the subject of that Paper, yet it led to experiments upon analogous bodies, and amongst others, upon naphthaline, which terminated in the production of the new acid body and salts now to be described. Some of the results obtained by the use of the oil gas products are very peculiar. If, when completed, I find them sufficiently interesting, I shall think it my duty to place them before the Royal Society, as explicatory of that action of sulphuric acid which was briefly noticed in my last Paper.

Environmental Assisted Fatigue and EDF 900 MWe PWRs Fleet: Towards an Exemption of Environmental Effects Consideration for Secondary Circuit Components

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Cuvilliez ◽  
Gaëlle Léopold ◽  
Thomas Métais
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fatigue Loading ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Fatigue Curve ◽  
Primary Circuit ◽  
Secondary Circuit ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Circuit Components

Environmentally Assisted Fatigue (EAF) is receiving nowadays an increased level of attention for existing Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) as utilities are now working to extend their life. In the wake of numerous experimental fatigue tests carried out in air and also in a PWR environment, the French RCC-M code [1] has recently been amended (in its 2016 edition) with two Rules in Probatory Phase (RPP), equivalent to ASME code-cases, “RPP-2” and “RPP-3” [2] [3]. RPP-2 consists of an update of the design fatigue curve in air for stainless steels (SSs) and nickel-based alloys, and is also associated with RPP-3 which provides guidelines for incorporating the environmental penalty “Fen” factor in fatigue usage factor calculations. Alongside this codification effort, an EAF screening has recently been carried out within EDF DT [4] on various areas of the primary circuit of the 900 MWe plants of the EDF fleet. This screening led to the identification of a list of 35 “sentinel locations” which are defined as areas most prone to EAF degradation process. These locations will be subjected to detailed EAF analysis in the stress report calculations (according to the above-mentioned RCC-M code cases) for the fourth decennial inspection of the 900 MWe (VD4 900 MWe) power plants. The potential impact of EAF on the secondary circuit components is another question to address in anticipation of the VD4 900 MWe, as they may be considered as class 1 or class 2 equipment for RCC-M application according to the equipment specification. This paper presents the approach proposed by EDF towards an exemption of environmental effects consideration for secondary circuit components. The argument is first based on a review of experimental campaigns led in Japan and France (respectively on fatigue test specimens and at the component scale) which indicate a Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content threshold below which environmental effects are almost inexistent. The (conservative) value of 40 ppb has been selected consistently with NUREG/CR-6909 revision 0 [5]. The second part of the argument is built, on the one hand, on the analysis of the EDF Technical Specifications for Operation (STE) which narrows the scope of the study only to unit outages, and, on the other hand, on the analysis of 5 years of operations of all 900 MWe plants of the EDF fleet (equivalent to 170 reactor-years). It has been shown that the DO content rarely exceeded the 40 ppb threshold in the secondary coolant, and that in this case, the considered locations were not submitted to any fatigue loading.

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