The accessory neural arch: development, morphology, and systematic distribution

The accessory neural arch is an oddly distributed character present in several non-acanthomorph teleostean taxa. Its homology was often implied but never satisfyingly tested. In this study, we attended this pending problem. We analyzed the morphology, development, and systematic distribution of the accessory neural arch in teleosts. Using a comprehensive taxon sampling of cleared and stained specimens, we evaluated if the accessory neural arch fulfils existing homology criteria. We then combined these data with recent genetic phylogenies and ancestral character state estimation to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the accessory neural arch. While its gross morphology and development fit homology criteria, results from ancestral character state estimations suggest multiple independent evolutions within teleosts. Although the accessory neural arch cannot be homologous between several teleostean taxa, the concept of parallelism may explain the presence of such a similar character in a variety of non-acanthomorph teleostean taxa.

MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN MASYARAKAT SAAT PANDEMI MELALUI PENATAAN PASAR TRADISIONAL (PASAR BSI, BOGOR TIMUR)

In this Covid -19 situation or not, effort to improve people’s welfare for must be carried out. The availability of traditional market stall on Jalan Kol Achmad Syam, east Bogor is very limited, but the residents of Baranang Siang and Katulampa still use the market for household shopping in the Covid -19 situation either morning or night. The minimum number of kiosks is caused by the arrangement that is no optimal. The pattern of movement of market visitors is also two-way and some even from kiosks pocket-some so that it has the potential to increase physical contact. The more kiosks are built and provided, the more chance people or vendor doing business, this is the goal of improving the welfare of residents can be achieved. In addition, the purpose of this arrangement can also be realized for locations that have the same or similar character. The descriptive method is very well supported by the SNI Traditional Market approach and Kevin Lync’s theory. This method is able to produce a large number of market stalls. The arrangement pattern is also able to separate groups of vendor according to function, including new dishes for direct consumtion (fresh food) so as to support health programs.Dalam situasi Covid 19 atau tidak, usaha peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat harus tetap dilakukan. Ketersediaan kios pasar tradisional di jalan Kol Achmad Syam Bogor Timur sangat minim, namun warga Baranang Siang Indah dan Katulampa tetap memanfaatan pasar untuk berbelanja rumah-tangga dalam situasi Covid19 baik pagi atau malam. Minimnya jumlah kios disebabkan oleh penataan yang tidak optimal. Pola pergerakan penggunjung pasar juga dua arah bahkan ada yang membentuk kantong kios sehingga berpotensi peningkatan kontak fisik. Semakin banyak kios dibangun akan semakin banyak tempat usaha yang bisa dilakukan oleh warga, dengan demikian tujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan warga dapat tercapai. Selain itu tujuan penataan ini bisa diwujudkan pula bagi lokasi-lokasi yang memiliki karakter sama atau serupa. Metode diskriptif sangat terdukung dengan adanya pendekatan SNI Pasar Tradisional dan teori Kevin Linc. Metode tersebut mampu menghasilkan jumlah kios pasar lebih banyak jumlahnya. Pola penataan juga mampu memisahkan kelompok kios sesuai fungi, termasuk masakan baru untuk langsung dikonsumsi (fresh food) sehingga mendukung program kesehatan

Vietnamese character recognition based on CNN model with reduced character classes

This article will detail the steps to build and train the convolutional neural network (CNN) model for Vietnamese character recognition in educational books. Based on this model, a mobile application for extracting text content from images in Vietnamese textbooks was built using OpenCV and Canny edge detection algorithm. There are 178 characters classes in Vietnamese with accents. However, within the scope of Vietnamese character recognition in textbooks, some classes of characters only differ in terms of actual sizes, such as “c” and “C”, “o” and “O”. Therefore, the authors built the classification model for 138 Vietnamese character classes after filtering out similar character classes to increase the model's effectiveness.

Controls on the size distributions of shallow landslides

Rainfall-triggered shallow landslides are destructive hazards and play an important role in landscape processes. A theory explaining the size distributions of such features remains elusive. Prior work connects size distributions to topography, but field-mapped inventories reveal pronounced similarities in the form, mode, and spread of distributions from diverse landscapes. We analyze nearly identical distributions occurring in the Oregon Coast Range and the English Lake District, two regions of strikingly different topography, lithology, and vegetation. Similarity in minimum sizes at these sites is partly explained by theory that accounts for the interplay of mechanical soil strength controls resisting failure. Maximum sizes, however, are not explained by current theory. We develop a generalized framework to account for the entire size distribution by unifying a mechanistic slope stability model with a flexible spatial-statistical description for the variability of hillslope strength. Using hillslope-scale numerical experiments, we find that landslides can occur not only in individual low strength areas but also across multiple smaller patches that coalesce. We show that reproducing observed size distributions requires spatial strength variations to be strongly localized, of large amplitude, and a consequence of multiple interacting factors. Such constraints can act together with the mechanical determinants of landslide initiation to produce size distributions of broadly similar character in widely different landscapes, as found in our examples. We propose that size distributions reflect the systematic scale dependence of the spatially averaged strength. Our results highlight the critical need to constrain the form, amplitude, and wavelength of spatial variability in material strength properties of hillslopes.

Pattern of Character Building for Students in Middle School and Islamic Boarding Schools

This study aims to describe the pattern of character formation of students in Schools and Islamic Boarding Schools (studies on MTs Ma'Had Hadith Al-Junadiyah Biru with Watampone 3 Middle School. The subjects in this study are the Principal of Watampone 3 Middle School, Principal of Madrasah Tsanawiah Ma'Had Al-Junadiyah Blue Hadith, Religious Teachers, PPKn Teachers, Social Studies Teachers from Both Educational Institutions studied and students and students.The data collection was used by means of observation, interviews, documentation.The research instruments were supported through interview guidelines, observation guidelines and documentation documentation. The research shows that the two educational units, among others, namely SMP Negeri 3 Watampone and Madrasah Tsanawiah Ma'Had Al-Junadiyah Blue have similar character formation patterns in terms of methods while in terms of strategy formation patterns are carried out with different approaches. Watampone in terms of the method emphasizes more on the teacher's approach to the students in shaping the character of students, besides the emphasis on the integration of character education in certain subjects. In terms of strategy, SMP Negeri 3 Watampone emphasizes more on the pattern of character formation through extracurricular activities where through extracurricular activities there are 3 expected patterns of character formation, they are habituation, exemplary, and culture. while the Madrasah Tsanawiah Ma'Had Hadith Al-Junadiyah Biru strategy applied in the pattern of character education through the activity of apples every morning before entering the class to practice the discipline of students.

ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЯКОСТІ ДЕТАЛЕЙ ПРИ ПНЕВМОУДАРНОМУ ШТАМПУВАННІ ВИРУБУВАННЯМ-ПРОБИВАННЯМ

The paper considers the issues related with technological capabilities and features of the process of cutting-punching of sheet-metal parts with an elastic medium of pneumatic impact stamping, taking into account the indicators of their quality and accuracy, and also suggests effective ways to improve them. One of the promising methods for producing high-precision parts, including those with a complex profile, is a shaping method based on the technology and equipment of pneumatic shock stamping with an elastic medium on the TA-1324 in-stallations. The advantages of this method are environmental cleanliness, safe operation, wide technological capabilities, mobility and versatility, low labour and energy costs. At these installations it is advisable to perform formative operations of separation (cutting-punching) and shallow shaping both as a separate operation and together with cutting-punching. As a workpiece for the study the sheet material of the following grades was used: steel 08kp, aluminium alloy AMG-M, steel 12X18H10T. The thickness varied within the range from 0.5 to 2.5 mm. Dies and copier punches were made of U8A steel, followed by heat treatment to a hardness of HRC 56-62. An analysis of the experimental studies of punching-cutting processes allows us to conclude that with an increase in the number of stamped parts, there is an increase in size deviations from their nominal values. This increase is due to the wear of operating elements (copier punches and dies). At the same time, the sizes of the copier punches are reduced, and the sizes of the matrices are increased. The absolute values of deviations do not depend on the type of operations; their values, both during cutting and punching, are almost the same in each of the samples taken. The process of pneumatic impact stamping, where a hammer with a bevelled end was used, has a similar character. The paper also proposed and tested ways to improve pneumatic impact stamping, providing cutting, punching of parts from sheet copper, aluminium alloys with a thickness of 0.3 to 3 mm and mild steel up to 3 mm thick. The roughness of the cutting surface is in the range Ra = 0.3 to 0.6 μm, and in the case of high-strength materials up to 2.5 mm thick, the roughness of the cutting surface is Ra = 0.6 to 1.0 μm, depending on the contour configuration that is cut down or punched.

Morphological variations of mangosteen fruits from Luzon and Mindanao Islands, the Philippines

Berame J, Lawsin N, Miguel F, Chavez J. 2020. Morphological variations of mangosteen fruits from Luzon and Mindanao Islands, the Philippines. Biodiversitas 21: 3094-3100. Luzon and Mindanao islands in the Philippines are the important mangosteen producing provinces whose growing areas are scattered on these two islands. With this, mangosteen variability was detected based on field fruit collections in summer of 2019. The morphological variations of mangosteen fruits were observed and collected in Quezon Province in Luzon and Davao-Zamboanga Provinces in Mindanao based on the total number of 175 mangosteen trees. The main objectives of the research were to find out the morphological variations of mangosteen fruits and using Tomato Analyzer 4.0 to determine the morphological characters that can be used to differentiate mangosteen accessions in the Philippines. The variables include fruit shape index (external and internal), curve fruit shape index, asymmetry, internal eccentricity and weight of the ripe fruits. The results show that fruit characters like ellipsoidal, circular, rectangular, lobe shape, size, pericarp area, and pericarp thickness. are highly resemblance particularly in its fruit shape characters, and even sharing a similar taste of ripe fruits. Data revealed that Garcinia mangostana shared a similar character with Garcinia malaccensis even though they are from different geographical areas. Based on the morphological variations and characters, the two varieties of mangosteen fruits in the Philippines, G. mangostana and G. malaccensis, are so closely related that they could be combined together as one species as identified in the morphological analysis of this study.

ЗООНИМ «МЕДВЕДЬ» В МАРИЙСКИХ НАРОДНЫХ ИГРАХ

В статье рассматриваются традиционные марийские игры в жмурки и догонялки, в которых водящий называется медведем. Устанавливается ареал распространения этих игр, их сезонная и обрядовая приуроченность, а также соответствия этому образу в играх финно-угорских народов, тюрков и русских Урало-Поволжья. В научный оборот вводится ранее не публиковавшийся материал из рукописного архива МарНИИЯЛИ. Статья включает очерк этимологии марийского маска ‘медведь’, разбираются имеющиеся версии и излагаются дополнительные данные, в том числе: указание на соответствие марийского названия медведя (основные диалектные формы маска, маська, мäскä; мескä > мöскä) русским диалектным словам, означающим овцу (маська, миська). Такая логика наименования объясняется запретом слов, означающих диких животных, и метонимическим сдвигом семантики (овца – шерсть – медведь). Анализируется структура связи между марийским зоонимом (историческая форма – аба маска ‘медведь’) и именем типологически сходного персонажа в башкирской игре – мǝскǝй-əбей ‘баба-яга’.The article deals with the traditional Mari games like hide and seek and blind man’s buff in which the catching man is called a bear. The distribution area of these games, their seasonal and ritual timing is detected. A previously unpublished material from the manuscript archive of MarSRILLH (Yoshkar- Ola) is introduced.The correspondences to this character in the games of the Finno-Ugric peoples, Turks and Russians of the Ural-Volga region are established. The article includes an analysis of the etymology of the Mari word maskа ‘bear’, examines the available versions and sets out additional data, including an indication of the correspondence of the Mari bear name (the main dialect forms maska, mas’ka > mäskä; meskä> möskä) to Russian dialect words meaning sheep (mas’ka, mis’ka). Such a naming logic is explained by the prohibition of words meaning wild animals and the metonymic shift of semantics (sheep – wool – bear). The structure of the relationship between this Mari zoonym (historical form aba maska ‘bear’) and the name of a typologically similar character in the Bashkir game – mäskäi-äbei ‘grandma glutton’ is analyzed.