On the general circulation of the atmosphere in middle and higher latitudes.

1905 ◽  
Vol 74 (497-506) ◽  
pp. 20-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Napier Shaw

In the course of an investigation into the trajectories, or actual paths of air, by means of synoptic charts, which is still in progress,* it became apparent that the paths of air taking part in cyclonic dis­turbances near the British Isles when traced backward did not always originate in anti-cylonic areas, but followed a track skirting the neighbouring high-pressure areas and traversing sometimes a very large part of a belt of the earth in a direction more or less parallel to a line of latitude, and, on the other hand, air moving in the neighbour­hood of a cyclonic depression did not invariably seek the nearest baro­metric minimum, but sometimes passed on, leaving the circulation of the depression on the left hand.

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 729-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Woytowicz ◽  
Kelly P. Westlake ◽  
Jill Whitall ◽  
Robert L. Sainburg

Two contrasting views of handedness can be described as 1) complementary dominance, in which each hemisphere is specialized for different aspects of motor control, and 2) global dominance, in which the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant arm is specialized for all aspects of motor control. The present study sought to determine which motor lateralization hypothesis best predicts motor performance during common bilateral task of stabilizing an object (e.g., bread) with one hand while applying forces to the object (e.g., slicing) using the other hand. We designed an experimental equivalent of this task, performed in a virtual environment with the unseen arms supported by frictionless air-sleds. The hands were connected by a spring, and the task was to maintain the position of one hand while moving the other hand to a target. Thus the reaching hand was required to take account of the spring load to make smooth and accurate trajectories, while the stabilizer hand was required to impede the spring load to keep a constant position. Right-handed subjects performed two task sessions (right-hand reach and left-hand stabilize; left-hand reach and right-hand stabilize) with the order of the sessions counterbalanced between groups. Our results indicate a hand by task-component interaction such that the right hand showed straighter reaching performance whereas the left hand showed more stable holding performance. These findings provide support for the complementary dominance hypothesis and suggest that the specializations of each cerebral hemisphere for impedance and dynamic control mechanisms are expressed during bilateral interactive tasks. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide evidence for interlimb differences in bilateral coordination of reaching and stabilizing functions, demonstrating an advantage for the dominant and nondominant arms for distinct features of control. These results provide the first evidence for complementary specializations of each limb-hemisphere system for different aspects of control within the context of a complementary bilateral task.


PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Campaniello ◽  
Antonio Bevilacqua ◽  
Milena Sinigaglia ◽  
Maria Rosaria Corbo

Ultrasound (US), Thermo-sonication (TS) and High Pressure Homogenization (HPH) were studied as tools to inactivate the spores ofPenicilliumspp. andMucorspp. inoculated in distilled water. For US, the power ranged from 40% to 100%, pulse from 2 to 10 s, and duration of the treatment from 2 to 10 min. TS was performed combining US (40–80% of power, for 8 min and pulse of 2 s) with a thermal treatment (50, 55 and 60°C at 4, 8 and 12 min). Homogenization was done at 30–150 MPa for 1, 2 and 3 times. Power was the most important factors to determine the antifungal effect of US and TS towards the conidia ofPenicilliumspp.; on the other hand, in US treatmentsMucorspp. was also affected by pulse and time. HPH exerted a significant antifungal effect only if the highest pressures were applied for 2–3 times.


Antiquity ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 15 (60) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Matheson

The rabbit shares one characteristic with the archaeologist—both dig into the earth. Hence the latter, contemplating some object or evidence revealed by his spade, may sometimes be viewing merely the result of the activities of a humbler but much more numerous type of excavator. Is he not warned to ‘always make sure that an apparent post-hole is not a rabbit- or rat-hole’? And does not Professor James Ritchie describe the rabbit as ‘a burrower and a vandal which makes short cuts through the neat layers and classifications of the excavator’? On the other hand, the rabbit's activity or lack of it may on occasion be of service; it was a long patch of virgin turf on Easton Down, untouched by rabbits or moles, which led Dr Stone in 1932 to remove the turf, thus revealing a layer of tightly packed flint nodules covering a Bronze Age urn-field. Hence no apology, we feel, is needed for an article on the rabbit in a journal primarily concerned with archaeological research; particularly as much of the article deals with the status of the rabbit in medieval times, a topic which has already figured briefly in ANTIQUITY.


2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wataru Ohfuchi ◽  
Hideharu Sasaki ◽  
Yukio Masumoto ◽  
Hisashi Nakamura

High-resolution simulations of the atmospheric and oceanic general circulations on the Earth Simulator are briefly introduced to a wider research and educational community. Some early results have been published and are reviewed in this article. The high-resolution simulations may have more information in certain aspects than observations while the simulations need to be validated. On the other hand, high-resolution observations in which uncertainties are unavoidable are now available. Possible close collaboration between observational and simulation research is proposed.


1862 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 621-638 ◽  

1. In a previous communication submitted to the Royal Society on June 28th, 1861, and since published in their Transactions, I ventured to make a suggestion regarding the nature of that connexion which subsists between magnetic disturbances, earth-currents, and auroras. In this hypothesis the earth was viewed as similar to the soft iron core of a Ruhmkorff’s machine, in which a primary disturbing current was supposed to induce mag­netism. Earth-currents and auroras, on the other hand, were viewed as induced or secondary currents, caused by the small but abrupt changes which are constantly taking place in the strength of the primary disturbing current, these changes being very much heightened in effect by the action of the iron core, that is to say, of the earth.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunday Adeniyi Fasoro

AbstractThe trend toward the concept of humanity in political theory has arisen largely as a reaction against the mistreatment of vulnerable people such as immigrants. The issue of immigrants’ vulnerability has led political thinkers to ponder on how to apply the principle of humanity to the question of the treatment of immigrants. I would like to address this matter by examining two questions: what is humanity, is it a value property, or a virtue? Does it really matter if the means by which an immigrant immigrates is demeaning to his own humanity as a person? The most common or intuitive reply to these questions would probably be: ‘humanity’ is simply a value-bestowing property, so regardless of immigrants’ actions they are owed respectful treatment. The aim of this paper is to emphasise instead that ‘humanity’ should be conceived as a virtue of actual commitment to act on moral principles. I explore three different meanings of humanity. First, I discuss ‘humanity’ as the common ownership of the earth. Second, I discuss ‘humanity’ as a value property. Third, I discuss humanity as a virtue of acting, on the one hand, with humanity, and on the other hand, on moral principles.


Author(s):  
YASUNORI YAMAMOTO ◽  
KENICHI MORITA ◽  
KAZUHIRO SUGATA

Regular array grammars (RAGs) are the lowest subclass in the Chomsky-like hierarchy of isometric array grammars. The left-hand side of each rewriting rule of RAGs has one nonterminal symbol and at most one "#" (a blank symbol). Therefore, the rewriting rules cannot sense contexts of non-# symbols. However, they can sense # as a kind of context. In this paper, we investigate this #-sensing ability. and study the language generating power of RAGs. Making good use of this ability, We show a method for RAGs to sense the contexts of local shapes of a host array in a derivation. Using this method, we give RAGs which generate the sets of all solid upright rectangles and all solid squares. On the other hand. it is proved that there is no context-free array grammar (and thus no RAG) which generates the set of all hollow upright rectangles.


Geophysics ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1031-1045
Author(s):  
Antonio C. Limón

In order to obtain the best possible seismic field record, it is indispensible on the one hand to know the response of the earth to the explosion, and on the other hand to operate the seismograph equipment with suitable settings.


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