CONTEXT-SENSITIVITY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL REGULAR ARRAY GRAMMARS

1989 ◽  
Vol 03 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 295-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
YASUNORI YAMAMOTO ◽  
KENICHI MORITA ◽  
KAZUHIRO SUGATA
Keyword(s):  
Context Sensitivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Regular Array ◽  
Nonterminal Symbol ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Context Free ◽  
Rewriting Rules

Regular array grammars (RAGs) are the lowest subclass in the Chomsky-like hierarchy of isometric array grammars. The left-hand side of each rewriting rule of RAGs has one nonterminal symbol and at most one "#" (a blank symbol). Therefore, the rewriting rules cannot sense contexts of non-# symbols. However, they can sense # as a kind of context. In this paper, we investigate this #-sensing ability. and study the language generating power of RAGs. Making good use of this ability, We show a method for RAGs to sense the contexts of local shapes of a host array in a derivation. Using this method, we give RAGs which generate the sets of all solid upright rectangles and all solid squares. On the other hand. it is proved that there is no context-free array grammar (and thus no RAG) which generates the set of all hollow upright rectangles.

scholarly journals Handedness results from complementary hemispheric dominance, not global hemispheric dominance: evidence from mechanically coupled bilateral movements

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 729-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Woytowicz ◽  
Kelly P. Westlake ◽  
Jill Whitall ◽  
Robert L. Sainburg
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hemispheric Dominance ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Task Component ◽  
The Right

Two contrasting views of handedness can be described as 1) complementary dominance, in which each hemisphere is specialized for different aspects of motor control, and 2) global dominance, in which the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant arm is specialized for all aspects of motor control. The present study sought to determine which motor lateralization hypothesis best predicts motor performance during common bilateral task of stabilizing an object (e.g., bread) with one hand while applying forces to the object (e.g., slicing) using the other hand. We designed an experimental equivalent of this task, performed in a virtual environment with the unseen arms supported by frictionless air-sleds. The hands were connected by a spring, and the task was to maintain the position of one hand while moving the other hand to a target. Thus the reaching hand was required to take account of the spring load to make smooth and accurate trajectories, while the stabilizer hand was required to impede the spring load to keep a constant position. Right-handed subjects performed two task sessions (right-hand reach and left-hand stabilize; left-hand reach and right-hand stabilize) with the order of the sessions counterbalanced between groups. Our results indicate a hand by task-component interaction such that the right hand showed straighter reaching performance whereas the left hand showed more stable holding performance. These findings provide support for the complementary dominance hypothesis and suggest that the specializations of each cerebral hemisphere for impedance and dynamic control mechanisms are expressed during bilateral interactive tasks. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide evidence for interlimb differences in bilateral coordination of reaching and stabilizing functions, demonstrating an advantage for the dominant and nondominant arms for distinct features of control. These results provide the first evidence for complementary specializations of each limb-hemisphere system for different aspects of control within the context of a complementary bilateral task.

Polymorphs of phenazine hexacyanoferrate(II) hydrate: supramolecular isomerism in a 2D hydrogen-bonded network

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-218
Author(s):  
Ivica Cvrtila ◽  
Vladimir Stilinović
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Crystal Structures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Structural Motifs ◽  
Supramolecular Isomerism ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Π Stacking ◽  
Hydrogen Bonded

The crystal structures of two polymorphs of a phenazine hexacyanoferrate(II) salt/cocrystal, with the formula (Hphen)3[H2Fe(CN)6][H3Fe(CN)6]·2(phen)·2H2O, are reported. The polymorphs are comprised of (Hphen)2[H2Fe(CN)6] trimers and (Hphen)[(phen)2(H2O)2][H3Fe(CN)6] hexamers connected into two-dimensional (2D) hydrogen-bonded networks through strong hydrogen bonds between the [H2Fe(CN)6]2− and [H3Fe(CN)6]− anions. The layers are further connected by hydrogen bonds, as well as through π–π stacking of phenazine moieties. Aside from the identical 2D hydrogen-bonded networks, the two polymorphs share phenazine stacks comprising both protonated and neutral phenazine molecules. On the other hand, the polymorphs differ in the conformation, placement and orientation of the hydrogen-bonded trimers and hexamers within the hydrogen-bonded networks, which leads to different packing of the hydrogen-bonded layers, as well as to different hydrogen bonding between the layers. Thus, aside from an exceptional number of symmetry-independent units (nine in total), these two polymorphs show how robust structural motifs, such as charge-assisted hydrogen bonding or π-stacking, allow for different arrangements of the supramolecular units, resulting in polymorphism.

On the general circulation of the atmosphere in middle and higher latitudes.

1905 ◽  
Vol 74 (497-506) ◽  
pp. 20-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Napier Shaw
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Other Hand

In the course of an investigation into the trajectories, or actual paths of air, by means of synoptic charts, which is still in progress,* it became apparent that the paths of air taking part in cyclonic dis­turbances near the British Isles when traced backward did not always originate in anti-cylonic areas, but followed a track skirting the neighbouring high-pressure areas and traversing sometimes a very large part of a belt of the earth in a direction more or less parallel to a line of latitude, and, on the other hand, air moving in the neighbour­hood of a cyclonic depression did not invariably seek the nearest baro­metric minimum, but sometimes passed on, leaving the circulation of the depression on the left hand.

On Wake-Induced Flutter of a Circular Conductor in the Wake of Another

1980 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Tsui ◽  
C. C. Tsui
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Coupling Coefficient ◽  
Frequency Ratio ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Coupling Ratio ◽  
Aeroelastic Stability ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Stability

This paper, which is an extension of [1], treats two-dimensional aeroelastic stability of two coupled conductors. It is found that the wake-induced flutter is symmetric with respect to the horizontal axis of the wake for all cases provided that the sign of the static coupling coefficient, ε = kxy/kxx, is changed. It appears that the spacer coupling ratio, K/kxx = Ω/ωx, is the most important factor in determining stability. For practical purposes, the system is almost always stable for K/kxx = Ω/ωx = 0.8, because the frequency ratio, κ = ωy/ωx, deviates less than ten percent from unity for a typical transmission line. On the other hand, within our range of interest, damping has little or no effect on the stability of coupled conductors. When the windward conductor is fixed, i.e., K = 0, then damping does influence the stability of the leeward conductor.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Relationship Between the Two-Dimensional Self-Esteem Perceptions and Leadership Orientations of the Faculty of Sports Sciences Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Karatas ◽  
◽  
Hayri Akyuz
Keyword(s):  
Charismatic Leadership ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Leadership Orientations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Questionnaire Form ◽  
Sports Sciences ◽  
The Relationship

This research was carried out to investigate of the relationship between the two-dimensional self-esteem perceptions and leadership orientations of the students of the faculty of sports sciences. In this context, the relational survey model, which is consistent with the main purpose of the study, was used in this quantitative study. A total of 323 students, 125 females and 198 males at the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Bartın University constitute the sample of the research. Convenience sampling method, one of the non-probabilistic sampling approaches, was used in the selection of the research group. Questionnaire form was used as data collection tool and this form consisted of three parts. The first part includes the “Personal Information Form,” the second part includes the “Two-Dimensional Self-Esteem: Self-Liking/Self-Competence Scale” and the third part includes the “Multidimensional Leadership Orientations Scale.” The descriptive statistics of the raw data obtained through the questionnaire form were first calculated by considering the data type. Then, the reliability of the scales related to the obtained data were investigated, and the difference and correlation tests were used in the statistical evaluation. In this direction, it has been determined that there are significant correlations within the scope of age and family income level variables. However, there was no significant relationship within the scope of personal income level variable. On the other hand, it was found that there are significant differences in the scope of department and actively doing sports variables. However, it was observed that there were no significant differences in the scope of gender, grade, and place of residence variables. On the other hand, it was determined that there were positive and moderately significant correlations between the participants’ scores of self-liking and political leadership, human resources leadership, charismatic leadership and structural leadership. In addition, it was found that there were positive and moderately significant correlations between the self-competence scores of the participants and the scores of political leadership, charismatic leadership and structural leadership. On the other hand, it was understood that there was a statistically significant positive and low-level correlation between the participants' self-competence scores and their human resources leadership scores. As a result, it can be said that as the self-esteem of the participants increases, their leadership orientation also increases. In this context, it can be said that increasing the self-esteem of the participants is an important concept in the context of leadership orientations.

Linear automata with translucent letters and linear context-free trace languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Benedek Nagy ◽  
Friedrich Otto
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Specific Class ◽  
Read Operation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Context Free

Linear automata with translucent letters are studied. These are finite-state acceptors that have two heads that read the input from opposite sides and for which a set of translucent letters is associated with each state. Thus, head 1, which proceeds from left to right, does not necessarily read the first letter of the current tape content, but it skips a prefix that consists of translucent letters only and reads the first letter after that prefix. Analogously, head 2, which proceeds from right to left, does not necessarily read the last letter, but it skips a suffix that consists of translucent letters only and reads the last letter before that. After such a read operation, the head always returns to its corresponding end of the tape. These linear automata with translucent letters are a generalization of the finite-state acceptors with translucent letters that were studied by the authors in B. Nagy and F. Otto [Finite-state acceptors with translucent letters. In BILC 2011, Proc., edited by G. Bel-Enguix, V. Dahl, and A.O. De La Pente, SciTePress, Portugal (2011) 3-13.] It is shown that these linear automata are strictly more expressive than the model with a single head, but that they still only accept languages that have a semi-linear Parikh image. On the other hand, we obtain a characterization for the class of linear context-free trace languages in terms of a specific class of linear automata with translucent letters.

The Relationship between Legality and Legitimacy: A Double-Edged Sword

2019 ◽  
pp. 302-310
Author(s):  
Dana Burchardt
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Norm Theory ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

This comment on Thilo Marauhn’s chapter addresses the relationship between legality and legitimacy from a norm-related perspective. It inquires into the reasons for the two-dimensional relationship between legality and legitimacy through the lens of norm theory. It considers legal norms on the one hand and legitimacy norms on the other hand, interrogating how these different kinds of norms can coexist, interrelate, and influence each other and what functions they can fulfil in the international sphere. By doing so, it highlights to what extent legal norms and legitimacy norms compete and complement each other—where the double-edged sword in the relationship between legality and legitimacy can be used for undercutting or rather for defending each other.

Automata with cyclic move operations for picture languages

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2-3-4) ◽  
pp. 235-251
Author(s):  
Friedrich Otto ◽  
František Mráz
Keyword(s):  
Finite Number ◽  
Expressive Power ◽  
Single Step ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cyclic Extension ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Picture Languages ◽  
Restarting Automaton

Here, we study the cyclic extensions of Sgraffito automata and of deterministic two-dimensional two-way ordered restarting automata for picture languages. Such a cyclically extended automaton can move in a single step from the last column (or row) of a picture to the first column (or row). For Sgraffito automata, we show that this cyclic extension does not increase the expressive power of the model, while for deterministic two-dimensional two-way restarting automata, the expressive power is strictly increased by allowing cyclic moves. In fact, for the latter automata, we take the number of allowed cyclic moves in any column or row as a parameter, and we show that already with a single cyclic move per column (or row) the deterministic two-dimensional extended two-way restarting automaton can be simulated. On the other hand, we show that two cyclic moves per column or row already give the same expressive power as any finite number of cyclic moves.

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