scholarly journals V. Atmospheric electricity potential gradient at Kew Observatory, 1898 to 1912

1915 ◽  
Vol 215 (523-537) ◽  
pp. 133-159 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Atmospheric Electricity ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
One Year ◽  
Meteorological Elements

In a previous paper, called E 1 for brevity, I discussed the results obtained for the diurnal variation of the potential gradient of atmospheric electricity at Kew Observatory from 1898 to 1904. The present paper deals with the same subject, but employs data from the fifteen years 1898 to 1912. The earlier period of seven years, though longer than that available at most observatories, was too short to give a satisfactorily representative presentation of some of the phenomena. To obtain results fairly characteristic of the locality many years data are required of some of the meteorological elements, especially barometric pressure and rainfall. For the latter element, in fact, a considerably longer period is desirable than that available even now for potential gradient at Kew. The same may be true of potential gradient itself, but various reasons exist for not waiting longer. Owing to building operations, the electrograph results for 1913 were exposed to special uncertainties. Also the transfer of the electrograph from the position it has occupied since 1898 is now in contemplation. Thus 1912 may be regarded as ending an epoch. Another reason requires fuller explanation. The Kew water-dropper—the earliest it is believed in regular operation—was erected in 1861 under Lord Kelvin’s personal supervision. The original electrometer and batteries as they decayed were replaced by others, but the instrument remained essentially unchanged in its original site until 1896. Of the records obtained prior to that date those of only three years had been discussed, two years, 1862 to 1864, by Prof. J. D. Everett, and one year, 1880, by Mr. G. M Whipple. In both cases the results were expressed in what were really arbitrary units. The relation between the voltage shown by the instrument and the true potential gradient in the open was altogether unknown.

XXV.—The Structure and Movement of the Atmosphere as affected by Diurnal Variations

1928 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 326-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. R. Goldie
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Horizontal Movement ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Resultant Effect ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Atmospheric Electric Potential Gradient

SummaryA semi-diurnal variation appears to some extent in many meteorological phenomena, in particular in barometric pressure, rainfall, visibility, atmospheric electric potential gradient, and atmospheric pollution, even though the variation of temperature, at least in the lower levels of the atmosphere, is very approximately a purely diurnal variation.The data examined in this paper suggest that, in the forenoon, insolation affecting the ground and the lower layers, and, in the evening, outgoing radiation affecting clouds and the upper part of the troposphere, each lead to a disturbance of the stability of arrangement of the atmosphere in the vertical direction and to a consequent increased mixing of layers. On the other hand, in the late afternoon and in the later part of the night, as the turbulences arising from the above two effects respectively die down, there is an improvement above normal in the laminarity of flow of atmosphere over the earth. The resultant effect is therefore, on the average, a semi-diurnal variation in the vertical structure and horizontal movement of the atmosphere, which variation is reflected in the meteorological phenomena mentioned above. It is shown in the paper that the various individual effects may be greatly exaggerated, or almost eliminated, or accelerated or retarded, at least in temperate latitudes where a suitable variety of types of upper air structure, from which to select, is available.

scholarly journals Annual variation of atmospheric electricity diurnal variation maximum in Kamchatka

2021 ◽  
Vol 254 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
Sergey Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Atmospheric Electricity ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Electric Field Potential

Atmospheric electric field diurnal variation measured in fair weather conditions over the ocean surface has a typical form which is called a unitary variation. It is associated with the global time and occurs simultaneously all over the planet. However, the diurnal variation, measured over the ground, depends on many local factors. The diurnal variation maximum of the electric field potential gradient, measured at Paratunka observatory, has the maximum close in time to the unitary variation maximum. In the paper we show that this maximum is determined by local conditions and is associated in time with the sunrise. The diurnal variation maximum of the electric field potential gradient, measured at Paratunka observatory in fair weather conditions, has annual variation coinciding with the annual variation of local sunrise.

Cause-and-effect relations between cosmic rays, electric field, aerosols and clouds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros Stathopoulos ◽  
Stergios Misios ◽  
Konstantinos Kourtidis
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Atmospheric Electricity ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Development Education ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Global Coordination

<p>Here we examine the cause-and-effect relations between galactic cosmic rays, electric field, aerosols and clouds over a region of Atlantic Ocean, during a Forbush Decrease (FD) event on 07/12/2015, using Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM) method. For this purpose, we used FD data from the Neuron Monitor Database (NMDB), Potential Gradient data (PG) from Global Coordination of Atmospheric Electricity Measurements (GLOCAEM) and remote sensing data from MODIS/Aqua, namely Aerosol Optical Depth at 550nm (AOD), Cloud Fraction (CF), Cloud Optical Thickness (COT), Cloud Top Pressure (CTP), Cirrus Reflectance (CR) and Cloud Effective Radius-Liquid (CERL). A cause-and-effect relation was found between FD and AOD, CERL, CF and PG, over the region. On the other hand, no causal effect was found between FD and COT, CTP and CR. This research is funded in the context of the project "Cosmic and electric effects on aerosols and clouds” (MIS: 5049552) under the call for proposals “Support for researchers with emphasis on young researchers - Cycle B” (EDULL 103). The project is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund - ESF) by the Operational Programme Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning 2014-2020.</p>

scholarly journals IV. The diurnal variation of terrestrial magnetism

1908 ◽  
Vol 208 (427-440) ◽  
pp. 163-204 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
Previous Communication ◽  
Unknown Amplitude ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Probable Origin ◽  
Magnetic Oscillations

1. In a previous communication I proved that the Diurnal Variation of Terrestrial Magnetism has its origin outside the earth’s surface and drew the natural conclusion that it was caused by electric currents circulating in the upper regions of the atmosphere. If we endeavour to carry the investigation a step further and enquire into the probable origin of these currents, we have at present no alternative to the theory first proposed by Balfour Stewart that the necessary electromotive forces are supplied by the permanent forces of terrestrial magnetism acting on the bodily motion of masses of conducting air which cut through its lines of force. In the language of modern electrodynamics the periodic magnetic disturbance is due to Foucault currents induced in an oscillating atmosphere by the vertical magnetic force. The problem to he solved in the first instance is the specification of the internal motion of a conducting shell of air, which shall, under the action of given magnetic forces, determine the electric currents producing known electromagnetic effects. Treating the diurnal and semidiurnal variations separately, the calculation leads to the interesting results that each of them is caused by an oscillation of the atmosphere which is of the same nature as that which causes the diurnal changes of barometric pressure. The phases of the barometric and magnetic oscillations agree to about 1¾ hours, and it is doubtful whether this difference may not be due to uncertainties in the experimental data. In the previous communication referred to I already tentatively suggested a connexion between the barometric and magnetic changes, but it is only recently that I have examined the matter more closely. In the investigation which follows I begin by considering the possibility that both variations are due to one and the same general oscillation of the atmosphere. The problem is then absolutely determined if the barometric change is known, and we may calculate within certain limits the conducting power of the air which is sufficient and necessary to produce the observed magnetic effects ; this conducting power is found to be considerable. It is to be observed, however, that the electric currents producing the magnetic variations circulate only in the upper layers of the atmosphere, where the pressure is too small to affect the barometer; the two variations have their origin therefore in different layers, which may to some extent oscillate independently. Though we shall find that the facts may be reconciled with the simpler supposition of one united oscillation of the whole shell of air, there are certain difficulties which are most easily explained by assuming possible differences in phase and amplitude between the upper and lower layers. If the two oscillations are quite independent, the conducting power depending on the now unknown amplitude of the periodic motion cannot be calculated, but must still be large, unless the amplitude reaches a higher order of magnitude than we have any reason to assume.

scholarly journals Reduction of the Error Multiplier by a Long-Term Analysis of the Characteristic Behaviors of Proportional Counters

Radiocarbon ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid U. Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Soft Component ◽  
Proportional Counters ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
One Year ◽  
Internal Error ◽  
Term Analysis

A significant reduction in cosmic-ray activity and backgrounds of the gas-filled proportional counters, as measured in a heavy iron shield, was observed when the Uppsala Conventional 14C Laboratory was moved in 1984. The new site was better shielded from cosmic rays because of additional concrete layers above the laboratory. A study that lasted over one year yielded a figure for the muon reduction. The backgrounds were reduced approximately to the extent expected from the soft-component contribution at the old Laboratory as judged from barometric-pressure dependence. After a few years, new electronics enforced, and enabled, the revision and improvement of the standard values for the activity and age calculations.A careful analysis of the results for the counters has increased the accuracy of the small corrections needed to yield internal error-multiplication factors mostly between 1 and 1.5 for the background for short periods of up to 12 months, and <1.1 for the oxalic acid samples combined for the last few years of measurements in the laboratory. Similar results were obtained for two counters.

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