scholarly journals The role of public goods in planetary evolution

2017 ◽  
Vol 375 (2109) ◽  
pp. 20160359 ◽  
Author(s):  
James O. McInerney ◽  
Douglas H. Erwin
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Early History ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Direct Graph ◽  
Planetary Evolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Life On Earth

Biological public goods are broadly shared within an ecosystem and readily available. They appear to be widespread and may have played important roles in the history of life on Earth. Of particular importance to events in the early history of life are the roles of public goods in the merging of genomes, protein domains and even cells. We suggest that public goods facilitated the origin of the eukaryotic cell, a classic major evolutionary transition. The recognition of genomic public goods challenges advocates of a direct graph view of phylogeny, and those who deny that any useful phylogenetic signal persists in modern genomes. Ecological spillovers generate public goods that provide new ecological opportunities. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Reconceptualizing the origins of life’.

The Wilkins Lecture 2000: Medical futures

2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Perfect Health ◽  
Social Investigation ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Complete Health ◽  
Sir Thomas More ◽  
Future Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nature Of Medicine

This paper examines forecasts made by writers, medical and non-medical alike, as to the nature of medicine in a future society. In particular, starting from Plato and Sir Thomas More, it explores what place (if any) has been envisaged for medicine in a future Utopian society. By way of an explanatory device, predictions concerning medicine are compared and contrasted to expectations as to the role of the sciences, natural and social. Investigation of the corpus of social prognostications in fact reveals a dearth of glorious expectations as to the future of medicine as such, although certain writings have held out great hopes for biologistic disciplines, such as eugenics. It is often in ‘golden age’ fantasies about the early history of mankind that the most glowing descriptions of complete health are painted. Similarly, perfect health is something often viewed not in social but in individualistic terms. Explanations are offered of these perhaps slightly surprising facts.

scholarly journals Conflict and cooperation in eukaryogenesis: implications for the timing of endosymbiosis and the evolution of sex

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arunas L Radzvilavicius ◽  
Neil W Blackstone
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Conflict And Cooperation ◽  
Conflict Mediation ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
History Of

The complex eukaryotic cell is a result of an ancient endosymbiosis and one of the major evolutionary transitions. The timing of key eukaryotic innovations relative to the acquisition of mitochondria remains subject to considerable debate, yet the evolutionary process itself might constrain the order of these events. Endosymbiosis entailed levels-of-selection conflicts, and mechanisms of conflict mediation had to evolve for eukaryogenesis to proceed. The initial mechanisms of conflict mediation were based on the pathways inherited from prokaryotic symbionts and led to metabolic homeostasis in the eukaryotic cell, while later mechanisms (e.g., mitochondrial gene transfer) contributed to the expansion of the eukaryotic genome. Perhaps the greatest opportunity for conflict arose with the emergence of sex involving whole-cell fusion. While early evolution of cell fusion may have affected symbiont acquisition, sex together with the competitive symbiont behaviour would have destabilised the emerging higher-level unit. Cytoplasmic mixing, on the other hand, would have been beneficial for selfish endosymbionts, capable of using their own metabolism to manipulate the life history of the host. Given the results of our mathematical modelling, we argue that sex represents a rather late proto- eukaryotic innovation, allowing for the growth of the chimeric nucleus and contributing to the successful completion of the evolutionary transition.

INTERPRETATION OF SPACE AND TIME IN ONTOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY NAVOI

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Toji Omonovich Norov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Holy Book

The universe, the space that make up their basis planets in it, their creation, the main essence of their creation, form, composition, meaning, movements, interactions, their influence on human life and activities, the role of man in the universe and in life on Earth, life, the criteria of activity and processes occurring in time and space have long been of interest to humanity. One of the main problems in the history of philosophy is the question of space and time. This problem was defined in different ways in the great schools of thought by thinkers of different periods. One of these great thinkers is Alisher Navoi. Navoi's works, along with other socio-philosophical themes, uniquely express and analyze the problems of the firmament and time. Its main feature is that it is based on the divine (pantheistic) religion, Islam, its holy book, the Koran and other theological sources, as well as on the secrets of nature and the Universe, the main miracle of Allah - human intelligence, the power of enlightenment, they are the key revealing all these secrets.

How Virtue Was Born

Gerontology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Nowak ◽  
Karl Sigmund
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
European Forum ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Life On Earth

This paper summarizes the Opening Lecture of the European Forum Alpbach 2017 in Tyrol/Austria (https://www.alpbach.org/de/). It deals with the evolution of cooperation throughout the history of life on Earth, and in particular human cooperation based on partnership. It emphasizes the role of institutions providing incentives for cooperation, and the role of praise and blame in guiding our actions. This helps for a better understanding of the social contract, based on evolutionary biology and psychology.

Religion and Spirituality in Surgery

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Tarpley ◽  
Margaret Tarpley
Keyword(s):  
Coping Skills ◽  
Early History ◽  
Intercessory Prayer ◽  
Religion And Spirituality ◽  
Research Topics ◽  
Faith Leaders ◽  
History Of ◽  
Treatment Plans

The influence of religion and spirituality (R/S) on surgeons dates back to the early history of modern surgery and continues into the 21st century. Research topics include intercessory prayer (IP), social cohesion, coping strategies, the role of chaplains and other clergy or faith leaders, and communal activities such as worship. While evidence for benefits of practices such as IP are inconclusive, patients involved in R/S activities or who hold R/S beliefs appear to have improved coping skills and quality of life (QOL). Although R/S has proven value for patients and surgeons, lack of R/S training is a barrier to surgeon involvement in addressing R/S issues such as operative procedures, treatment plans, organ donation, and end-of-life (EOL) situations. Increased training at the undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate medical levels concerning R/S would provide surgeons and physician colleagues with skills and greater comfort in discussing these issues with patients and families. .

The American Welfare State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Klosko
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Early History ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Political Justification ◽  
History Of

Background on the American welfare state. What we mean by welfare states; early history of American welfare state; causal factors in regard to how it developed, and the American welfare state in comparative perspective. We also look at the role of political justification in the development of American welfare programs.

The Temple of Music

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Black Population ◽  
Early History ◽  
Black Belt ◽  
Racial Uplift ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Modern Sense

This chapter focuses on the “Little Pekin,” a theater opened by Robert T. Motts in Chicago in 1904. Chicago's black population around 1900 could not be called segregated in the modern sense of the term. It first provides an overview of the Black Belt, a neighborhood predominated by blacks, before discussing the role of social divisions among Chicago's black populace in the early history of Motts's theatrical venture. It then discusses the Pekin Theater, which Motts called “Temple of Music,” and its three elements that were to remain fundamental to its character: music, family, and vaudeville. It also considers the Pekin's strategy for racial uplift as part of Motts's commitment to his positive philosophy of economic activism. Finally, the chapter describes the entertainment that various performers offered at the Pekin on a nightly basis during its first seventeen months of operations, including bands playing ragtime as well as musical acts, comedians, dancers, acrobats, and other novelties.

scholarly journals Early history of diagnostic ultrasound: the role of American radiologists.

1993 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
B B Goldberg ◽  
R Gramiak ◽  
A K Freimanis
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Ultrasound ◽  
Early History ◽  
History Of
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