The transition of insurgent-guerrilla movements to radical terrorist methods of struggle: retrospective features

The realities of modern reality indicate that there are a significant number of unjustified attempts to resolve controversial issues based on the use of force. The article shows the evolutionary processes of the transition of insurgent-guerrilla movements to radical terrorist methods of struggle in the period of 1991-2001 and reveals the reasons for this process. The article analyzes the definition of "international terrorism" in the modern sense, analyzes the characteristic features of international terrorism of the 1990s, the reasons for its spread, new forms of terrorist activity. The following methods were used in the study of the chosen topic: historical-genetic, comparative-historical; problem-chronological, the method of historical modeling. Authors conclude, there is no doubt that all the insurgent-guerilla movements, without exception, pursued their own goals. The most effective way to achieve them at the turn of the century turned out to be precisely terrorist attacks, which, with all the strength of state structures, were not possible to fend off. Thus, terrorism has become a strong weapon in the hands of weak players in the international arena.

Stilogenost vremenski raslojene leksike u Rječniku bosanskog jezika autora Dževada Jahića

The paper initially discusses some theoretical aspects of functional-stylistic stratification of vocabulary, with an emphasis on spoken language and its impact on standard language in terms of generating new stylistic values. Spoken language belongs to the colloquial style, so given its great potential in creating the connotative meaning of words, its boundaries are not clearly set, and in the communicative act almost every word can undergo semantic modification, resulting in special semantic or stylistic nuances. Stylistic nuance of vocabulary finds its foundation in filling communicative gaps, which, through different use in different contexts, can activate the desired effects in an effort to obtain a nuance of meaning that is appropriate to the circumstances in which it occurs. Furthermore, the paper pays special attention to the stylogenic values of time-layered vocabulary, ie passive vocabulary in the Dictionary of the Bosnian Language by Dževad Jahić. By using vocabulary that has gone out of use in the text in the modern sense, its functional orientation comes to the fore, which, given the context in which it is used, can have different degrees of stylistic expressiveness. Thus, the stylistic character of lexemes with the qualifier of archaism, historicism, historical and obsolete lexicon is considered, taking into account the examples excerpted from the material given with each entry. After conducted analysis, the stylistic function of passive vocabulary is nothing but the expression of the historical originality of an event. Using terms from the former era of existence helps writers to get their literary work on a truer and more convincing painting of a certain period, thus transmitting historical, social and cultural patterns and material culture of a region.

Erasmus of Rotterdam on the Religious Schism in Bohemia (1518-1519): concordia vs tolerantia

В статье исследуется переписка Эразма Роттердамского с чешским дворянином Яном Слехтой (1518-1519). Анализ посланий показывает наличие в Богемии трех крупных религиозных партий: католиков, чашников, Общины чешских братьев, именуемых пикартами, и разрозненных нехристианских сообществ: иудейских общин и сект эпикурейского и николаитского (адамитского) толков. Такой религиозный плюрализм Эразм характеризует как аномалию, как болезнь социума, которую необходимо преодолеть. Предлагаемое им средство состоит в возвращении всех в лоно римской церкви при условии согласия в ключевых положениях христианства. Эразм предлагает не закреплять разъединение через признание за некатолическими группами их прав на отличие, а, наоборот, создать условия для ликвидации этого раскола. Такую позицию Эразма не следует трактовать как принятие религиозного плюрализма, как веротерпимость и толерантность в современном понимании слова. The article examines the correspondence of Erasmus of Rotterdam with the Czech nobleman Jan Slechta (1518-1519). The analysis of the epistles shows that there were three major religious parties in Bohemia: Catholics, Chashniki, a Community of Czech brothers called picarts, and some scattered non-Christian communities: Jewish communities and sects of epicurean and nicolaitean (Adamite) followers. Erasmus characterizes such religious pluralism as an anomaly, as a disease of society that must be overcome. The remedy proposed by the humanist is to restore ecclesiastical unity and return all to the bosom of the Roman Church, provided that all agree on the key points of Christianity. Erasmus proposes not to consolidate the division by tolerating this division and recognizing the rights of non-Catholic groups to differ, but, on the contrary, to create conditions for the elimination of this division. Non-Christian movements should be excluded from interfaith dialogue. This position of Erasmus should not be interpreted as acceptance of religious pluralism, as toleration and tolerance in the modern sense of the word.

ON CHILDHOOD IN THE VALUE DIMENSION

The report highlights the essence of the concept of “childhood” in its historical and modern sense, according to researchers (educators, psychologists). The value dimensions of childhood in the pedagogical paradigm are characterized. The author’s understanding of the concepts “value”, “dimensions”, “value dimensions of childhood” is revealed: health-preserving, ecological, value-based, artistic, value-oriented, comfort and value, moral and ethical.

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: INNOVATION, DEVELOPMENT, SOLUTIONS

The dynamic present in Ukraine forms a new interpretation of the concept of “entrepreneurship”. In the modern sense, entrepreneurship involves identifying, evaluating and using new, as yet unseen opportunities to attract the attention of consumers and maximize profits. In this sense, opportunities are a tool for finding innovation and creating new products or services. According to the Business Dictionary, entrepreneurship means the ability and desire to organize a business, taking into account the potential risks, in order to profit from it. According to Lowry, the concept of “entrepreneur” is defined as a person who seeks to achieve their goals in the economic space, to meet their desires and needs. According to the position of the consulting company McKenzie, entrepreneurs are responsible for improving the lifestyle of consumers, as well as for solving the problems faced by consumers. Most of these problems are social in nature. An enterprise that seeks tools of influence to solve such problems is called social. In our opinion, social entrepreneurship is a field of activity that can have both commercial and non-commercial basis, all efforts of which are aimed not at maximizing profits, but at solving social problems with innovative ideas. The spread of social entrepreneurship is currently fragmented and in its infancy. Entrepreneurs who choose to engage in social enterprises are often called innovators because they try to solve “outdated” social problems with “new” entrepreneurial approaches. Most researchers confirm the view that social entrepreneurship is entrepreneurship with innovation and even social entrepreneurship itself is called innovation in the social sphere. The definitions of social entrepreneurship are considered in the work, its innovative content is determined. Innovative social entrepreneurship in Ukraine is analyzed. The effectiveness of the introduction of social enterprises to solve social problems is substantiated. Examples of functioning social enterprises in Ukraine are given and social enterprises that are currently represented in Ukraine are grouped into three groups. The main stages of implementation of social entrepreneurship are summarized.

Alternative Systems

The idea of precompression of the cylinder charge air is as old as the internal combustion itself. It is generally accepted that the first supercharger design in the modern sense was actually a turbocharger, patented in 1905 by the Swiss engineer Alfred Büchi (1879-1959). It comprised an axial compressor, an aftercooler and an exhaust gas turbine applied to a radial piston-cylinder engine as shown in the German patent drawings in Figure 8-1. Not surprisingly, it took him more than two decades to make the system work due to low component efficiencies, i.e., the problem that bedeviled all early gas turbine inventors due to the insufficient knowledge of aerodynamics.

DID THE SUPERNATURAL EXIST IN MEDIEVAL CULTURE?

The article analyzes the problem of correlation between the modern category of “supernatural” and ideas about phenomena that went beyond the patterns of nature in pre-Mongol Russia. It is noted that, as in any pre-scientific society, in Old Rus there was no strict natural / supernatural opposition. Unusual phenomena lost the character of “wonder”, “miracle” even with their mystical interpretation. In turn, natural, recurring phenomena could acquire a religious meaning. The concept of “nature” was addressed to specific objects of the surrounding world, and not to nature in the modern sense. In turn, the otherworld also had a nature. Medieval skepticism was fueled by a conflict of values; it did not proceed from the denial of mysticism itself. The main ideas of the work are revealed in polemics with the concept of “miraculous” by V.V. Dolgov, in which the mystical and rational medieval thinking are opposed.

NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: SOME ASPECTS OF MODERN STUDIES

The article is devoted to the study of individual publications of the second decade of the 21st century on topical issues of the new economic policy. The presented historiographic review is based on the works of historians, lawyers, economists interested in the new economic policy. The points of view of researchers have been compared according to some interrelated components of NEP. The study has revealed an increased interest of Russian scientists in the content and consequences of NEP. At the same time, the published works on the historiography of NEP are not exhaustive. The article contains the author's conclusions, summarizing the results of the researches made by modern home-grown scientists on the most studied aspects of NEP. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the historiography of recent years objectively characterizes NEP as a phenomenon of Soviet history. In the modern sense, the new economic policy has not received the full support from the Bolsheviks, but determined the development of civil legislation.

Thailand's First Revolution? The role of religious mobilization and ‘the people’ in the Ayutthaya rebellion of 1688

In the 1680s, King Narai, ruler of the cosmopolitan kingdom of Ayutthaya, was the subject of competing French and Persian attempts to convert him to monotheism. These attempts were not only embarrassing failures; they also helped to precipitate a coup in 1688, in which Phetracha forcefully intervened to place himself on the throne and eject French influence from the realm. But to what extent did the execution of the coup depend on popular involvement? And what ideals and emotions seem to have animated this participation? After pondering the role of ethnicity and xenophobic sentiment, this article considers the construction of powerful discourses of Buddhist intellectual opposition to Christianity, the role of the sangha in the orchestration of the coup itself, and then considers in more detail the extent to which ‘the people’ demonstrated some kind of autonomous political agency. Lastly, it considers whether the events of the coup and its immediate aftermath were shaped by anti-Christian emotion. As a movement with conservative and restorative aims, 1688 was not a ‘revolution’ in the modern sense, but it may have ushered in an enlarged sense of popular investment in the legitimation of royal contenders associated with the defence of Buddhism.

Godsends

This is a reflection on the nature of revelation by means of the idea of the ‘godsend’. While seeming to be ordinary, this word carries communication of what is beyond the ordinary. A godsend suggests something like a chink or crack through which something is revealed—a kind of gap, or permeability, a porosity to a light that comes from a source beyond. In that gifted porosity is there an opening to revelation? Does the godsend say something about the surprise of revelation? In response I follow three steps: from word, to idea, to story. I begin by looking at the word and its etymology and consider what this implies. Then I look at the idea of revelation in connection with the claims of philosophical reason. Here my concern is to illuminate some theoretical considerations concerning reason and revelation, from the more reflective conceptual point of view, especially in relation to the modern sense of reason. Thirdly, I turn to story as true to the godsend, and I pay particular attention to a story that witnesses to a kind of fidelity to singularity, the story of Flannery O’Connor entitled ‘Revelation’.