Recent attempts to change the periodic table

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2180) ◽  
pp. 20190300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Superheavy Elements ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Madelung Rule

The article concerns various proposals that have been made with the aim of improving the currently standard 18-column periodic table. We begin with a review of 8-, 18- and 32-column formats of the periodic table. This is followed by an examination of a possible, although rather impractical, 50-column table and how it could be used to consider the changes to the periodic table that have been predicted by Pyykkö in the domain of superheavy elements. Other topics reviewed include attempts to derive the Madelung rule as well as an analysis of what this rule actually provides. Finally, the notion of an ‘optimal’ periodic table is discussed in the context of recent work by philosophers of science who have examined the nature of classifications in general, as well as the notion of natural kinds. The article takes an unapologetically philosophical approach rather than focusing on specific data concerning the elements. Nevertheless, some pragmatic issues and educational aspects of the periodic table are also examined. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mendeleev and the periodic table’.

The transuranic elements and the island of stability

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2180) ◽  
pp. 20190535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kit Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Superheavy Elements ◽  
Magic Numbers ◽  
Nuclear Shell Model ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Protons And Neutrons ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
The University ◽  
Nuclear Shell

Since the 1930s the synthesis of nuclides too unstable to exist naturally on Earth has stretched the periodic table to 118 elements. While the lighter transuranic elements have found uses, the isotopes of those past lawrencium, the superheavy elements, are too unstable to exist outside the laboratory. In the 1970s, leading element discoverers Glenn Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, and Georgy Flerov, at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, USSR, took interest in a supposed ‘island of stability’, leading from the nuclear shell model of Maria Goeppert Mayer and Hans Jensen, and predicted elements with so-called magic numbers of protons and neutrons would be far more stable. This review shall look at the historical developments that led to the field of element discovery, the attempts to discover superheavy elements in nature based on the island of stability, and the subsequent successful synthesis of elements and the implications of their half-lives and properties. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mendeleev and the periodic table’.

Superheavy elements in D I Mendeleev's Periodic Table

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (12) ◽  
pp. 1077-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury Ts Oganessian ◽  
Sergey N Dmitriev
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Superheavy Elements

scholarly journals The location and composition of Group 3 of the periodic table

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
René E. Vernon
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Electronic Properties ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Philosophical Viewpoint ◽  
Way Of Thinking

Abstract Group 3 as Sc–Y–La, rather than Sc–Y–Lu, dominates the literature. The history of this situation, including involvement by the IUPAC, is summarised. I step back from the minutiae of physical, chemical, and electronic properties and explore considerations of regularity and symmetry, natural kinds, and quantum mechanics, finding these to be inconclusive. Continuing the theme, a series of ten interlocking arguments, in the context of a chemistry-based periodic table, are presented in support of lanthanum in Group 3. In so doing, I seek to demonstrate a new way of thinking about this matter. The last of my ten arguments is recast as a twenty-word categorical philosophical (viewpoint-based) statement.

scholarly journals Metals and non-metals in the periodic table

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2180) ◽  
pp. 20200213
Author(s):  
Benzhen Yao ◽  
Vladimir L. Kuznetsov ◽  
Tiancun Xiao ◽  
Daniel R. Slocombe ◽  
C. N. R. Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Atomic Properties ◽  
System A ◽  
Mechanical Approach ◽  
Quantum Mechanical Approach

The demarcation of the chemical elements into metals and non-metals dates back to the dawn of Dmitri Mendeleev's construction of the periodic table; it still represents the cornerstone of our view of modern chemistry. In this contribution, a particular emphasis will be attached to the question ‘Why do the chemical elements of the periodic table exist either as metals or non-metals under ambient conditions?’ This is perhaps most apparent in the p-block of the periodic table where one sees an almost-diagonal line separating metals and non-metals. The first searching, quantum-mechanical considerations of this question were put forward by Hund in 1934. Interestingly, the very first discussion of the problem—in fact, a pre-quantum-mechanical approach—was made earlier, by Goldhammer in 1913 and Herzfeld in 1927. Their simple rationalization, in terms of atomic properties which confer metallic or non-metallic status to elements across the periodic table, leads to what is commonly called the Goldhammer–Herzfeld criterion for metallization. For a variety of undoubtedly complex reasons, the Goldhammer–Herzfeld theory lay dormant for close to half a century. However, since that time the criterion has been repeatedly applied, with great success, to many systems and materials exhibiting non-metal to metal transitions in order to predict, and understand, the precise conditions for metallization. Here, we review the application of Goldhammer–Herzfeld theory to the question of the metallic versus non-metallic status of chemical elements within the periodic system. A link between that theory and the work of Sir Nevill Mott on the metal-non-metal transition is also highlighted. The application of the ‘simple’, but highly effective Goldhammer–Herzfeld and Mott criteria, reveal when a chemical element of the periodic table will behave as a metal, and when it will behave as a non-metal. The success of these different, but converging approaches, lends weight to the idea of a simple, universal criterion for rationalizing the instantly-recognizable structure of the periodic table where … the metals are here, the non-metals are there … The challenge of the metallic and non-metallic states of oxides is also briefly introduced. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mendeleev and the periodic table’.

scholarly journals The periodic table – an experimenter’s guide to transactinide chemistry

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 865-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Eichler
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Superheavy Elements ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
Phase Chemical

Abstract The fundamental principles of the periodic table guide the research and development of the challenging experiments with transactinide elements. This guidance is elucidated together with experimental results from gas phase chemical studies of the transactinide elements with the atomic numbers 104–108 and 112–114. Some deduced chemical properties of these superheavy elements are presented here in conjunction with trends established by the periodic table. Finally, prospects are presented for further chemical investigations of transactinides based on trends in the periodic table.

scholarly journals On the emergence of the structure of physics

2018 ◽  
Vol 376 (2118) ◽  
pp. 20170231 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Majid
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Quantum Space ◽  
Conceptual Level ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Self Duality ◽  
Born Reciprocity

We consider Hilbert’s problem of the axioms of physics at a qualitative or conceptual level. This is more pressing than ever as we seek to understand how both general relativity and quantum theory could emerge from some deeper theory of quantum gravity, and in this regard I have previously proposed a principle of self-duality or quantum Born reciprocity as a key structure. Here, I outline some of my recent work around the idea of quantum space–time as motivated by this non-standard philosophy, including a new toy model of gravity on a space–time consisting of four points forming a square. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Hilbert’s sixth problem’.

scholarly journals Chemistry of the superheavy elements

2015 ◽  
Vol 373 (2037) ◽  
pp. 20140191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Schädel
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Noble Gas ◽  
Relativistic Quantum ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Relativistic Effects ◽  
Electron Shell ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Superheavy Elements ◽  
Shell Effects

The quest for superheavy elements (SHEs) is driven by the desire to find and explore one of the extreme limits of existence of matter. These elements exist solely due to their nuclear shell stabilization. All 15 presently ‘known’ SHEs (11 are officially ‘discovered’ and named) up to element 118 are short-lived and are man-made atom-at-a-time in heavy ion induced nuclear reactions. They are identical to the transactinide elements located in the seventh period of the periodic table beginning with rutherfordium (element 104), dubnium (element 105) and seaborgium (element 106) in groups 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Their chemical properties are often surprising and unexpected from simple extrapolations. After hassium (element 108), chemistry has now reached copernicium (element 112) and flerovium (element 114). For the later ones, the focus is on questions of their metallic or possibly noble gas-like character originating from interplay of most pronounced relativistic effects and electron-shell effects. SHEs provide unique opportunities to get insights into the influence of strong relativistic effects on the atomic electrons and to probe ‘relativistically’ influenced chemical properties and the architecture of the periodic table at its farthest reach. In addition, they establish a test bench to challenge the validity and predictive power of modern fully relativistic quantum chemical models.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Study of the New Superheavy Elements of D.I. Mendeleev Periodic Table of the Elements

Vestnik RFFI ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Yuri Ts. Oganessian
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Superheavy Elements ◽  
Fusion Reactions ◽  
Flerov Laboratory ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Experimental Complex ◽  
Physical And Chemical

In the sixties of the XX century, the possibility of existence of the region of increased stability of superheavy nuclei in the vicinity of Z | 114 and N | 184 was proved. For the first time a successful synthesis of superheavy elements was carried out in the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR). Superheavy elements of D.I. Mendeleev Periodic Table of the Elements with atomic numbers 114–118 were synthesized in the fusion reactions of the nuclei of the transuranic elements with calcium-48 nuclei. The article deals with the choice of reactions for the synthesis of new elements, methods of studying their nuclear-physical and chemical properties. The experimental complex “Factory of superheavy elements” created in JINR and prospects of further research development are described.

scholarly journals Periodic table from the Baruton perspective: Some anomalies and spin correlation effect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Bayri ◽  
fatih bulut ◽  
Serdar Altin
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Spin Correlation ◽  
Electronic Configuration ◽  
Correlation Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hartree Fock ◽  
Hund’S Rule ◽  
Total Energies ◽  
Madelung Rule

In this study, we have looked the periodic table from the Barut’s point of view and discussed the deviations from the Madelung rule. Expected, observed and computed total energies (Hartree-Fock and Gaussian) are given for two different (one for expected and the other one is observed) configurations of the Cr atom. The data shows that preferred electronic configuration for the Cr is 4s13d5 not 4s23d4 as dictated by the Madelung rule. This event may be due to the spin correlation effect which is closely related to the Hund’s rule.

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