scholarly journals The origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when?

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 867-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Sharp ◽  
Elizabeth Bailes ◽  
Roy R. Chaudhuri ◽  
Cynthia M. Rodenburg ◽  
Mario O. Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Equatorial Africa ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

In the absence of direct epidemiological evidence, molecular evolutionary studies of primate lentiviruses provide the most definitive information about the origins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–1 and HIV–2. Related lentiviruses have been found infecting numerous species of primates in sub–Saharan Africa. The only species naturally infected with viruses closely related to HIV–2 is the sooty mangabey ( Cercocebus atys ) from western Africa, the region where HIV–2 is known to be endemic. Similarly, the only viruses very closely related to HIV–1 have been isolated from chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ), and in particular those from western equatorial Africa, again coinciding with the region that appears to be the hearth of the HIV–1 pandemic. HIV–1 and HIV–2 have each arisen several times: in the case of HIV–1, the three groups (M, N and O) are the result of independent cross–species transmission events. Consistent with the phylogenetic position of a ‘fossil’ virus from 1959, molecular clock analyses using realistic models of HIV–1 sequence evolution place the last common ancestor of the M group prior to 1940, and several lines of evidence indicate that the jump from chimpanzees to humans occurred before then. Both the inferred geographical origin of HIV–1 and the timing of the cross–species transmission are inconsistent with the suggestion that oral polio vaccines, putatively contaminated with viruses from chimpanzees in eastern equatorial Africa in the late 1950s, could be responsible for the origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

scholarly journals The origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Darwinian or Lamarckian?

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 877-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Burr ◽  
J. M. Hyman ◽  
Gerald Myers
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Darwinian Evolution ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

The subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV–1) group M exhibit a remarkable similarity in their between–subtype distances, which we refer to as high synchrony. The shape of the phylogenetic tree of these subtypes is referred to as a sunburst to distinguish it from a simple star phylogeny. Neither a sunburst pattern nor a comparable degree of symmetry is seen in a natural process such as in feline immunodeficiency virus evolution. We therefore have undertaken forward–process simulation studies employing coalescent theory to investigate whether such highly synchronized subtypes could be readily produced by natural Darwinian evolution. The forward model includes both classical (macro) and molecular (micro) epidemiological components. HIV–1 group M subtype synchrony is quantified using the standard deviation of the between–subtype distances and the average of the within–subtype distances. Highly synchronized subtypes and a sunburst phylogeny are not observed in our simulated data, leading to the conclusion that a quasi–Lamarckian, punctuated event occurred. The natural transfer theory for the origin of human acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cannot easily be reconciled with these findings and it is as if a recent non–Darwinian process took place coincident with the rise of AIDS in Africa.

HIV: introduction and epidemiology

2019 ◽  
pp. 449-456
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

This chapter provides background information to the events that led to the discovery of HIV. Previously fit young men who have sex with men presented with certain infections and cancers, coupled with severe immune deficiency, which was later given the name acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This chapter gives information about the origin of HIV and its link to simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). This chapter provides information on the geographical, and the epidemiological differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2. The chapter also explains the biological implications of HIV types and subtypes. Risk factors and transmission routes are also discussed, in addition to UK and worldwide HIV prevalence data.

scholarly journals The earliest cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M in Congo-Kinshasa, Rwanda and Burundi and the origin of acquired immune deficiency syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 923-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Vangroenweghe
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

The early cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV–1) infection in the 1960s and 1970s in Congo–Kinshasa (Zaire), Rwanda and Burundi are reviewed. These countries appear to be the source of the HIV–1 group M epidemic, which then spread outwards to neighbouring Tanzania and Uganda in the east, and Congo–Brazzaville in the west. Further spread to Haiti and onwards to the USA can be explained by the hundreds of single men from Haiti who participated in the UNESCO educational programme in the Congo between 1960 and 1975.

scholarly journals IgMs produced by two acquired immune deficiency syndrome lymphoma cell lines: Ig binding specificity and VH-gene putative somatic mutation analysis [published erratum appears in Blood 1994 Aug 1;84(3):995]

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
VL Ng ◽  
MH Hurt ◽  
CL Fein ◽  
F Khayam-Bashi ◽  
J Marsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Germline Gene ◽  
Human Igg ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

Two B-cell lines, 2F7 and 10C9, were established by single cell cloning from biopsies obtained from two acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. Representation of the original tumors was verified by demonstration of (1) identical biallelic rearrangement of Ig genes for 2F7 and (2) shared idiotype for 10C9. Both cell lines displayed cell-surface Ig and secreted Ig (IgM lambda for 2F7, IgM kappa for 10C9). IgMs from both cell lines immunoprecipitated actin; in addition, 2F7 IgM lambda immunoprecipitated recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp 160. 2F7 IgM lambda did not react with other autoantigens (double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, actin, bovine serum albumin, IgG), whereas 10C9 IgM kappa reacted with human IgG. The 2F7 IgM heavy-chain variable region (VH) showed a 95% nucleotide homology with a previously sequenced VHIII germline gene, hv3019b9, whereas the 10C9 IgM VH showed a 95% homology with a previously sequenced VHIV germline gene, VH4.21. Use of minimally modified VH genes and demonstration of reactivity with chronically present antigens (ie, actin, HIV-1 gp 160, or human IgG) suggests that B cells in HIV-1-infected individuals proliferating in response to chronic antigenic stimulation may be at increased risk for lymphomagenesis.

scholarly journals Using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequences to infer historical features of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic and human immunodeficiency virus evolution

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 855-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Yusim ◽  
Martine Peeters ◽  
Oliver G. Pybus ◽  
Tanmoy Bhattacharya ◽  
Eric Delaporte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

In earlier work, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV–1) sequences were analysed to estimate the timing of the ancestral sequence of the main group of HIV–1, the virus that is responsible for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic, yielding a best estimate of 1931 (95% confidence interval of 1915–1941). That work will be briefly reviewed, outlining how phylogenetic tools were extended to incorporate improved evolutionary models, how the molecular clock model was adapted to incorporate variable periods of latency, and how the approach was validated by correctly estimating the timing of two historically documented dates. The advantages, limitations, and assumptions of the approach will be summarized, with particular consideration of the implications of branch length uncertainty and recombination. We have recently undertaken new phylogenetic analysis of an extremely diverse set of human immunodeficiency virus envelope sequences from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the DRC, formerly Zaire). This analysis both corroborates and extends the conclusions of our original study. Coalescent methods were used to infer the demographic history of the HIV–1 epidemic in the DRC, and the results suggest an increase in the exponential growth rate of the infected population through time.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1410) ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. De Cock
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Ecological Association ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

Although acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described in the USA in 1981, there is evidence that individual cases occurred considerably earlier in Central Africa, and serological and virological data show human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was present in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as far back as 1959. It is likely that HIV–1 infection in humans was established from cross–species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees, but the circumstances surrounding this zoonotic transfer are uncertain. This presentation will review how causality is established in epidemiology, and review the evidence (a putative ecological association) surrounding the hypothesis that early HIV–1 infections were associated with trials of oral polio vaccine (OPV) in the DRC. From an epidemiological standpoint, the OPV hypothesis is not supported by data and the ecological association proposed between OPV use and early HIV/AIDS cases is unconvincing. It is likely that Africa will continue to dominate global HIV and AIDS epidemiology in the near to medium–term future, and that the epidemic will evolve over many decades unless a preventive vaccine becomes widely available.

scholarly journals Penambatan Molekuler Senyawa Bioaktif dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pangi (Pangium edule) Terhadap Reseptor Protease HIV-1

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Sefren Geiner Tumilaar ◽  
Jainer Pasca Siampa ◽  
Trina Ekawati Tallei
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Autodock Vina ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRAKHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) merupakan virus yang menyerang sistem kekebalan tubuh, dan pada akhirnya dapat menyebabkan Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Daun Pangi (Pangium edule) yang sering digunakan sebagai sayuran oleh masyarakat di Sulawesi Utara, telah diteliti memiliki efek penghambatan pada enzim protease HIV-1. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi senyawa bioaktif yang terkandung dalam daun Pangi dalam menghambat protease HIV-1 secara in silico. Senyawa ini diekstraksi menggunakan etanol dan ditentukan menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). Penambatan molekul dilakukan menggunakan program Autodock Vina dengan menambatkan senyawa yang telah ditentukan pada situs aktif reseptor protease HIV-1 (PDB ID: 3NU3). Hasil GC-MS dari ekstrak etanol daun Pangi menunjukkan 12 komponen senyawa. Senyawa-senyawa ini  digunakan sebagai ligan untuk ditambatkan pada protease HIV-1. Hasil penambatan senyawa-senyawa tersebut dibandingkan dengan hasil penambatan amprenavir yang digunakan sebagai ligan kontrol. Studi penambatan molekuler menunjukkan bahwa Phytol merupakan ligan dengan nilai afinitas pengikatan terendah (-8,8 kkal / mol).Kata kunci: Pangi; penambatan molekuler; protease HIV-1Molecular Docking of Bioactive Compounds from Pangi (Pangium edule) Leaves Ethanol Extract Against HIV-1 Protease ABSTRACTHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the immune system and can eventually cause Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The leaf of Pangi (Pangium edule), which is often used as a vegetable by people in North Sulawesi, has been investigated to have an inhibitory effect on the HIV-1 protease enzyme. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of bioactive compounds contained in Pangi leaves in inhibiting HIV-1 protease by using in silico analysis. These compounds were extracted using ethanol and determined using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The evaluation was carried out using the Autodock Vina program by docking the determined compounds on the active site of the HIV-1 protease receptor (PDB ID: 3NU3). There were 12 compounds detected in the ethanol extract of Pangi leaves, which were then used as ligands, and the results were compared with amprenavir as a control ligand. Molecular docking study showed that Phytol was the ligand with the lowest binding affinity value ( -8.8 kcal/mol).Keywords: Pangi;  molecular docking; HIV-1 protease

scholarly journals A NOVEL VACCINE CANDIDATE WITH DOUBLE ANTIVIRALACTIVITY AGAINST THE HIV-1 AND COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Aids Pandemic ◽  
Preventive Vaccine ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an RNA retrovirus with great capacity for replication and mutation. It belongs to lentiviruses, which are characterized in that the interval between the initial infection and the beginning of the main symptoms is classified into two types: HIV-1 and HIV-2, which have 40-50% genetic homology and organization and similar genomics. HIV-1 is the cause of the global Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) pandemic while HIV-2, although it can also cause AIDS, is considered less pathogenic and less transmissible. Another differential characteristic of HIV-1 is its great genetic variability, which is contributing to making it difficult to understand the mechanisms by which the virus is capable of causing the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and which necessarily influences the development of diagnostic tests and its possibilities of prevention, the development of effective treatments and vaccines, or the appearance of resistance. We have designed a preventive vaccine in Silico aimed to protect against VIH-1 infection and transmission. One aim of this is to better understand potential dormant repositories of outbreaks and potential spread of those repositories, together with potential geogenic terrain factors. Here, we present miRNA-peptide fusion more stable as an antiviral. Our analysis identified a miRNA-peptide with theoretical fusion value stability FS=80.75 Cruz, to treat HIV-1, named LCR_2020_B0119. The vaccine candidate presents in Silico an inhibiting action against HIV-1 and coronavirus (covid-19), making its use possible as a new double-action antiviral vaccine: anti-HIV-1 and anti-covid-19.

High Risk of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and of AIDS Related Complex (ARC) in Hemophiliacs Seropositive for more than 5 Years

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (03) ◽  
pp. 354-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Stain ◽  
I Pabinger-Fasching ◽  
K Guggenberger ◽  
U Köller ◽  
M Stain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Aids Related Complex ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv 1

SummaryA group of 90 hemophiliacs who had been regularly treated with non virus-inactivated factor VIII or IX concentrates were studied in 1983. At that time 50 patients were HIV-1-antibody positive, 6 additional seroconversions occurred until 1985. 26 of the 50 patients seropositive in 1983 are currently asymptomatic. 4 patients have developed the lymphadenopathy syndroffie, 9 patients AIDS and 11 patients ARC (CDC IV C 2). 6/9 cases of AIDS and 10/11 cases of ARC have occurred only after 1985. Patients, who subsequently became symptomatic, had significantly higher IgG levels in 1983, otherwise no predictive laboratory tests were identified. Patients with T4 counts above 500/μl became symptomatic later, but after 5 years the indicence of AIDS was comparable in patients with original T4 counts of more than or below 500/μl.

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