scholarly journals The cophylogeny of populations and cultures: reconstructing the evolution of Iranian tribal craft traditions using trees and jungles

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1559) ◽  
pp. 3865-3874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamshid J. Tehrani ◽  
Mark Collard ◽  
Stephen J. Shennan
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cultural Inheritance ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Tribal Populations ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Horizontal Transfers ◽  
Host Extinction

Phylogenetic approaches to culture have shed new light on the role played by population dispersals in the spread and diversification of cultural traditions. However, the fact that cultural inheritance is based on separate mechanisms from genetic inheritance means that socially transmitted traditions have the potential to diverge from population histories. Here, we suggest that associations between these two systems can be reconstructed using techniques developed to study cospeciation between hosts and parasites and related problems in biology. Relationships among the latter are patterned by four main processes: co-divergence, intra-host speciation (duplication), intra-host extinction (sorting) and horizontal transfers. We show that patterns of cultural inheritance are structured by analogous processes, and then demonstrate the applicability of the host–parasite model to culture using empirical data on Iranian tribal populations.

scholarly journals Rapid evolution of virulence leading to host extinction under host-parasite coevolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Rafaluk ◽  
Markus Gildenhard ◽  
Andreas Mitschke ◽  
Arndt Telschow ◽  
Hinrich Schulenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Evolution Of Virulence ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Host Extinction

scholarly journals Ritual di Bawah Pohon Asam Mbah Gosang di Pasar Peterongan Semarang

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Siti Nur Asiyah ◽  
Mudjahirin Thohir ◽  
Af'idatul Lathifah
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Cultural Inheritance ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Participatory Observation

Along with the development of modern times, society maintains its tradition as a unique cultural identity, including the phenomenon of rituals that take place under a large tamarind tree which is believed to be the firing of a sacred figure named Mbah Gosang, located in the middle of an urban area, precisely at Peterongan Semarang Market. The focus of the discussion which is the main objective of this research is to interpret the ritual meanings express in the ritual implementation. This research uses the theory of symbolic interactionism in explaining ritual phenomena, which in implication refers to social actions carried out by individuals in representing cultural meanings and symbols around them. The method used in this study is in the form of ethnographic methods, while the source of research data is obtained from participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and literature review. The informants consisted of the caretaker and Mbah Gosang pilgrim who had been directly involved in the implementation of ritual traditions. Based on the results of the study, the phenomenon of rituals carried out under the Mbah Gosang tamarind tree has two forms of cultural traditions in the form of a pilgrimage ritual and suronan ritual which in essence involves Mbah Gosang as an intermediary for prayer or tawassul to God. The series of ritual processions has their own symbolic meaning. Generally, people who carry out these rituals have the motivation to improve the economy, look for prosperity in life, and look for clues in dealing with life problems. The function of the ritual itself is as a form of respect for ancestors, cultural inheritance, forms of effort, reminders of death, and means of social integration, while the purpose of the ritual is to draw closer to God Almighty.

scholarly journals The ghost of hosts past: impacts of host extinction on parasite specificity

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1837) ◽  
pp. 20200351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell J. Farrell ◽  
Andrew W. Park ◽  
Clayton E. Cressler ◽  
Tad Dallas ◽  
Shan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Virulence Evolution ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
Parasite Biodiversity ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Host Extinction

A growing body of research is focused on the extinction of parasite species in response to host endangerment and declines. Beyond the loss of parasite species richness, host extinction can impact apparent parasite host specificity, as measured by host richness or the phylogenetic distances among hosts. Such impacts on the distribution of parasites across the host phylogeny can have knock-on effects that may reshape the adaptation of both hosts and parasites, ultimately shifting the evolutionary landscape underlying the potential for emergence and the evolution of virulence across hosts. Here, we examine how the reshaping of host phylogenies through extinction may impact the host specificity of parasites, and offer examples from historical extinctions, present-day endangerment, and future projections of biodiversity loss. We suggest that an improved understanding of the impact of host extinction on contemporary host–parasite interactions may shed light on core aspects of disease ecology, including comparative studies of host specificity, virulence evolution in multi-host parasite systems, and future trajectories for host and parasite biodiversity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.

scholarly journals Re-Examining the Rationale for Strategic Assessment: An Evaluation of Purpose in Two Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 1750020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Hayes ◽  
Adam Barker ◽  
Carys E Jones
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Information Provider ◽  
Strategic Assessment ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
National Local

Strategic forms of impact assessment have seen increased application around the world since their conception. Expansion has produced considerable variation and this range of tools and processes can create practitioner confusion and blurred boundaries in practice. This research draws on empirical data from England and Scotland to examine different systems to understand how the purposes of strategic assessment are framed and to consider how purposes are translated into practice. Four key purposes of strategic assessment are examined; overcoming EIA shortcomings, strategic thinking, representation of the environment and consideration of sustainability. It is concluded that various scales (international, national, local and individual) influence how strategic assessment purpose is framed. We find that as multiple purposes come together they interact, with regulatory compliance potentially dominating. Strategic assessment is also found to be described as information provider, and excluded or distant from strategic thinking as part of plan formulation.

scholarly journals The ghost of hosts past: impacts of host extinction on parasite specificity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Jenner Farrell ◽  
Andrew Park ◽  
Clay Cressler ◽  
Tad Dallas ◽  
Shan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Virulence Evolution ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
Parasite Biodiversity ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Host Extinction

A growing body of research is focused on the extinction of parasite species in response to host endangerment and declines. Beyond the loss of parasite species richness, host extinction can impact apparent parasite host specificity, as measured by host richness or the phylogenetic distances among hosts. Such impacts on the distribution of parasites across the host phylogeny can have knock-on effects that may reshape the adaptation of both hosts and parasites, ultimately shifting the evolutionary landscape underlying the potential for emergence and the evolution of virulence across hosts. Here we examine how the reshaping of host phylogenies through extinction may impact the host specificity of parasites, and offer examples from historical extinctions, present-day endangerment, and future projections of biodiversity loss. We suggest that an improved understanding of the impact of host extinction on contemporary host-parasite interactions may shed light on core aspects of disease ecology, including comparative studies of host specificity, virulence evolution in multi-host parasite systems, and future trajectories for host and parasite biodiversity.

scholarly journals Genetic co‐structuring in host‐parasite systems: Empirical data from raccoons and raccoon ticks

Ecosphere ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guha Dharmarajan ◽  
James C. Beasley ◽  
William S. Beatty ◽  
Zachary H. Olson ◽  
Jennifer A. Fike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Host Parasite

scholarly journals Princesses (Don’t) Run in the Mud: Tracing the Child’s Perspective in Parental Perceptions of Cultural Formation Through Outdoor Activities in Norwegian ECEs

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
Alicja R. Sadownik
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Parental Perceptions ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Outdoor Activities ◽  
Cultural Formation ◽  
Parental Experiences ◽  
Parental Gender ◽  
Group Interviews

AbstractBy examining Polish parents’ perceptions of outdoor activities in Norwegian Early Childhood Education (ECE), this chapter discusses how focusing on the child’s perspective can change and challenge parental gender-related value positions, thereby changing perceptions of the cultural formation taking place through outdoor activities. The empirical data on the basis of which this question is answered are comprised of group interviews with 30 Polish migrant parents (18 mothers and 12 fathers) whose children were in Norwegian ECEs. The applied theoretical toolkit of a cultural historical wholeness approach (Hedegaard M, Mind Cult Act 19:127–138, 2012) enables the description of (parental) experiences of cultural formation through outdoor activities as anchored in the value positions established within and across involved societies. It also allows us to grasp those moments when the focus on the child’s perspective in outdoor activities challenges parental value positions and cultural traditions of heteronormativity. The concluding remarks point to the importance of enhancing both the child’s perspective and the specific plane of interpersonal interactions in ECE collaborations with parents and caregivers.

Modelling the influence of host community composition in a sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi system

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 144 (14) ◽  
pp. 1881-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANA ERAZO ◽  
JUAN CORDOVEZ ◽  
CAROLINA CABRERA ◽  
JOSE E. CALZADA ◽  
AZAEL SALDAÑA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Host Life ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

SUMMARYSpecies composition of wild reservoir hosts can influence the transmission and maintenance of multi-host vector borne pathogens. The ‘pace of life’ hypothesis proposes that the life history strategy of reservoir hosts can influence pathogen transmission of vector borne generalist pathogens. We use empirical data to parameterize a mathematical model that investigates the impacts of host life history traits on vector transmission dynamics of the vector-borne multi-host parasite Trypanosoma cruzi in habitats characterized by different degrees of deforestation and varying host community structure. The model considers susceptible and infected vector and host populations. When comparing the proportion of vectors infected with T. cruzi predicted by the model with empirical data, we found a trend of increasing vector infection as anthropogenic landscape disturbance increases for both data and model output. The model's vector infection rates were significantly lower than empirical results, but when incorporating host congenital transmission in the model, vector infection approaches field data. We conclude that intervened habitats associated with r-selected host species communities predict higher proportions of infected vectors.

scholarly journals Like Father Like Son: Cultural and Genetic Contributions to Song Inheritance in an Estrildid Finch

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca N. Lewis ◽  
Masayo Soma ◽  
Selvino R. de Kort ◽  
R. Tucker Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Vocal Performance ◽  
Cultural Inheritance ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
Song Structure ◽  
Novel Variants ◽  
Social Fathers ◽  
Song Syntax ◽  
Genetic Contributions

Social learning of vocalizations is integral to song inheritance in oscine passerines. However, other factors, such as genetic inheritance and the developmental environment, can also influence song phenotype. The relative contributions of these factors can have a strong influence on song evolution and may affect important evolutionary processes such as speciation. However, relative contributions are well-described only for a few species and are likely to vary with taxonomy. Using archived song data, we examined patterns of song inheritance in a domestic population of Java sparrows (Lonchura oryzivora), some of which had been cross-fostered. Six-hundred and seventy-six songs from 73 birds were segmented and classified into notes and note subtypes (N = 22,972), for which a range of acoustic features were measured. Overall, we found strong evidence for cultural inheritance of song structure and of the acoustic characteristics of notes; sons’ song syntax and note composition were similar to that of their social fathers and were not influenced by genetic relatedness. For vocal consistency of note subtypes, a measure of vocal performance, there was no apparent evidence of social or genetic inheritance, but both age and developmental environment influenced consistency. These findings suggest that high learning fidelity of song material, i.e., song structure and note characteristics, could allow novel variants to be preserved and accumulate over generations, with implications for evolution and conservation. However, differences in vocal performance do not show strong links to cultural inheritance, instead potentially serving as condition dependent signals.

scholarly journals Researching Social Change in Bali Indigenous Marriage Private

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Budiana ◽  
Made Oka Cahyadi Wiguna
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Constructive Thinking ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Faith Based

This article wants to understand and analyze the phenomenon of Balinese customary life arrangements related to changes in marital procedures. To be able to produce accurate findings, social phenomena are examined in detail and in-depth through qualitative research, with a phenomenological paradigm. With this paradigm the results are obtained in the form of empirical data and in-depth understanding relating to variations in categories, properties, and attributes related to the changing phenomena of cultural traditions and adat ngerorod marriage. In detail the findings generated that in social reality, the indigenous Balinese have constructed changes in the pattern of marriage from the way of ngerorod or selarian (running together) to switch to the memadik or propose, because the pattern of memadik or ask is seen to better reflect equality and justice in society. The rationale that drives is the existence of a reaction to discriminatory customary norms; innovative faith-based constructive thinking; increasing the level of education and parental-bilateral kinship thinking. Memadik marriage by means of marriage or marriage, implies a marriage as a result of the construction of modern society.  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document