scholarly journals The comparative ecology and biogeography of parasites

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1576) ◽  
pp. 2379-2390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Poulin ◽  
Boris R. Krasnov ◽  
David Mouillot ◽  
David W. Thieltges
Keyword(s):  
Niche Breadth ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Comparative Ecology ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
Special Case

Comparative ecology uses interspecific relationships among traits, while accounting for the phylogenetic non-independence of species, to uncover general evolutionary processes. Applied to biogeographic questions, it can be a powerful tool to explain the spatial distribution of organisms. Here, we review how comparative methods can elucidate biogeographic patterns and processes, using analyses of distributional data on parasites (fleas and helminths) as case studies. Methods exist to detect phylogenetic signals, i.e. the degree of phylogenetic dependence of a given character, and either to control for these signals in statistical analyses of interspecific data, or to measure their contribution to variance. Parasite–host interactions present a special case, as a given trait may be a parasite trait, a host trait or a property of the coevolved association rather than of one participant only. For some analyses, it is therefore necessary to correct simultaneously for both parasite phylogeny and host phylogeny, or to evaluate which has the greatest influence on trait expression. Using comparative approaches, we show that two fundamental properties of parasites, their niche breadth, i.e. host specificity, and the nature of their life cycle, can explain interspecific and latitudinal variation in the sizes of their geographical ranges, or rates of distance decay in the similarity of parasite communities. These findings illustrate the ways in which phylogenetically based comparative methods can contribute to biogeographic research.

scholarly journals A fully resolved backbone phylogeny reveals numerous dispersals and explosive diversifications throughout the history of Asteraceae

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (28) ◽  
pp. 14083-14088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Mandel ◽  
Rebecca B. Dikow ◽  
Carolina M. Siniscalchi ◽  
Ramhari Thapa ◽  
Linda E. Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Range Shift ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flowering Plant Species ◽  
Patterns And Processes

The sunflower family, Asteraceae, comprises 10% of all flowering plant species and displays an incredible diversity of form. Asteraceae are clearly monophyletic, yet resolving phylogenetic relationships within the family has proven difficult, hindering our ability to understand its origin and diversification. Recent molecular clock dating has suggested a Cretaceous origin, but the lack of deep sampling of many genes and representative taxa from across the family has impeded the resolution of migration routes and diversifications that led to its global distribution and tremendous diversity. Here we use genomic data from 256 terminals to estimate evolutionary relationships, timing of diversification(s), and biogeographic patterns. Our study places the origin of Asteraceae at ∼83 MYA in the late Cretaceous and reveals that the family underwent a series of explosive radiations during the Eocene which were accompanied by accelerations in diversification rates. The lineages that gave rise to nearly 95% of extant species originated and began diversifying during the middle Eocene, coincident with the ensuing marked cooling during this period. Phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses support a South American origin of the family with subsequent dispersals into North America and then to Asia and Africa, later followed by multiple worldwide dispersals in many directions. The rapid mid-Eocene diversification is aligned with the biogeographic range shift to Africa where many of the modern-day tribes appear to have originated. Our robust phylogeny provides a framework for future studies aimed at understanding the role of the macroevolutionary patterns and processes that generated the enormous species diversity of Asteraceae.

Helminth parasite communities of macropodoid marsupials of the genera Hypsiprymnodon, Aepyprmnus, Thylogale, Onychogalea, Lagorchestes and Dendrolagus from Queensland

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Beveridge ◽  
R Speare ◽  
PM Johnson ◽  
DM Spratt
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Helminth Community ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Helminth Communities ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
Dendrolagus Lumholtzi

Helminth parasites were examined from 4 Hypsiprymnodon moschatus, 18 Aepyprymnus rufescens, 13 Thylogale stigmatica, 13 Onychogalea unguifera, 2 0. fraenata, 8 Lagorchestes conspicillatus and 7 Dendrolagus lumholtzi from north and central Queensland. In all, 63 species of nematodes, ten species of cestodes and a single species of trematode were encountered. Helminth communities in H. moschatus and A. rufescens were characterised by few, highly specific parasites; D. lumholtzi similarly harboured few parasites; those of Onychogalea spp. and L. conspicillatus were more diverse and included a number of taxa shared with other macropodine hosts. The helminth community of T. stigmatica was extremely diverse and was dominated by helminths specific to Thylogale spp. The helminth communities of the various host genera showed little similarity to one another, even in the case of host species that were broadly sympatric. This lack of similarity is probably due to a mixture of factors, some related to host phylogeny and others ecological, particularly habitat type and feeding behaviour. The data presented illustrate a wider range of types of helminth communities in macropodoids than reported to date, and little evidence of exchange of parasites with rock-wallabies, Petrogale spp., examined from the same regions of Queensland.

Patterns and processes in helminth parasite communities: an overview

1990 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald W. Esch ◽  
Allen W. Shostak ◽  
David J. Marcogliese ◽  
Timothy M. Goater
Keyword(s):  
Helminth Parasite ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Patterns And Processes

Parasite Communities: Patterns and Processes

10.2307/5467 ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
P.H. Warren ◽  
G. Esch ◽  
A. Bush ◽  
J. Aho
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Patterns And Processes

Endoparasite fauna of five Gadiformes fish species from the coast of Chile: host ecology versus phylogeny

2011 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Chávez ◽  
M.T. González ◽  
M.E. Oliva ◽  
I.M. Valdivia
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Fish Ecology ◽  
Fish Parasite ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
Host Ecology ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

AbstractThe aims of the present study were to compare, using multivariate analyses, the degree of similarity of the endoparasite fauna of five fish species belonging to the order Gadiformes: Merluccius gayi, Merluccius australis, Macruronus magellanicus (Gadoidei) and Micromesistius australis and Nezumia pulchella (Macrouroidei), from the southern and central Chilean coast, and to evaluate whether the composition of the endoparasite fauna was determined by phylogenetic or ecological relationships. We employed our database of Merluccius australis, M. magellanicus and Micromesistius australis, which was complemented with published information for M. magellanicus, Merluccius australis, Micromesistius australis, M. gayi and N. pulchella. A higher number of endoparasite species was recorded for Merluccius australis, Micromesistius australis and M. magellanicus, namely Anisakis sp. and Hepatoxylon trichiuri, which is the most prevalent parasite among these hosts. Aporocotyle wilhelmi and Hysterothylacium sp. were detected only in M. gayi, whereas Lepidapedon sp. was found exclusively in N. pulchella. These results suggest that fish ecology rather than host phylogeny was the most important factor for the determination of similarity in parasite composition. This result could be explained by the similar trophic patterns of hosts and by the predominance of generalist larval species among these fish parasite communities.

Endoparasite communities of five fish species (Labridae: Cheilininae) from Lizard Island: how important is the ecology and phylogeny of the hosts?

Parasitology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. MUÑOZ ◽  
A. S. GRUTTER ◽  
T. H. CRIBB
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Parasite Community ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Host Diet ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Host Characteristics

The parasite community of animals is generally influenced by host physiology, ecology, and phylogeny. Therefore, sympatric and phylogenetically related hosts with similar ecologies should have similar parasite communities. To test this hypothesis we surveyed the endoparasites of 5 closely related cheilinine fishes (Labridae) from the Great Barrier Reef. They were Cheilinus chlorourus, C. trilobatus, C. fasciatus, Epibulus insidiator and Oxycheilinus diagramma. We examined the relationship between parasitological variables (richness, abundance and diversity) and host characteristics (body weight, diet and phylogeny). The 5 fishes had 31 parasite species with 9–18 parasite species per fish species. Cestode larvae (mostly Tetraphyllidea) were the most abundant and prevalent parasites followed by nematodes and digeneans. Parasites, body size and diet of hosts differed between fish species. In general, body weight, diet and host phylogeny each explained some of the variation in richness and composition of parasites among the fishes. The 2 most closely related species, Cheilinus chlorourus and C. trilobatus, had broadly similar parasites but the other fish species differed significantly in all variables. However, there was no all-encompassing pattern. This may be because different lineages of parasites may react differently to ecological variables. We also argue that adult parasites may respond principally to host diet. In contrast, larval parasite composition may respond both to host diet and predator-prey interactions because this is the path by which many parasites complete their life-cycles. Finally, variation in parasite phylogeny and parasite life-cycles among hosts likely increase the complexity of the system making it difficult to find all-encompassing patterns between host characteristics and parasites, particularly when all the species in rich parasite communities are considered.

scholarly journals Equality algebras

1997 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond Fearnley-Sander ◽  
Tim Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Abelian Group ◽  
Universal Algebra ◽  
Algebraic Reasoning ◽  
Binary Function ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Equality Algebra ◽  
Special Case

As part of an attempt to capture abstractly the most fundamental properties of algebraic reasoning involving equality, we introduce the notion of an equality algebra. It is a universal algebra A endowed with a binary function =iA × A → L, where L is a meet-semilattice with top element 1, called internalised equality, and satisfying, for all x, y ∈ A,1. (x =ix) = 1; and2. (x =iy)f(x) = (x =iy)f(y), where f is any function A → L derived from the Operations on A, the semilattice operations, and = i.We charecterise internalised equalities in terms of finetly many identities, give examples, and show that all are equivalent to internalised equalities defined in terms of congruences on the underlying algebra. In the special case in which A is an Abelian group or ring, the internalised equality is shown to be equivalent to the dual of a norm-like mapping taking values in semilattice.

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