scholarly journals Visualization is crucial for understanding microbial processes in the ocean

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1786) ◽  
pp. 20190083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Sebastián ◽  
Josep M. Gasol
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Single Cell Activity ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Do So

Recent developments in community and single-cell genomic approaches have provided an unprecedented amount of information on the ecology of microbes in the aquatic environment. However, linkages between each specific microbe's identity and their in situ level of activity (be it growth, division or just metabolic activity) are much more scarce. The ultimate goal of marine microbial ecology is to understand how the environment determines the types of different microbes in nature, their function, morphology and cell-to-cell interactions and to do so we should gather three levels of information, the genomic (including identity), the functional (activity or growth), and the morphological, and for as many individual cells as possible. We present a brief overview of methodologies applied to address single-cell activity in marine prokaryotes, together with a discussion of the difficulties in identifying and categorizing activity and growth. We then provide and discuss some examples showing how visualization has been pivotal for challenging established paradigms and for understanding the role of microbes in the environment, unveiling processes and interactions that otherwise would have been overlooked. We conclude by stating that more effort should be directed towards integrating visualization in future approaches if we want to gain a comprehensive insight into how microbes contribute to the functioning of ecosystems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Single cell ecology’.

Detection and Collection System of Target Single Cell Based on pH and Oxygen Sensing

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayasu Suzuki ◽  
◽  
Hiroyuki Tanaka ◽  
Yasunori Iribe
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Chemical Sensors ◽  
Oxygen Sensor ◽  
Oxygen Sensing ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Collection System ◽  
Sensor Film ◽  
Single Cell Activity ◽  
Inverted Microscope

This paper describes single-cell-based detection and collection using pH and oxygen sensing with microarrayed chemical sensors we developed previously to monitor single-cell activity in parallel. Such sensors consist of optical sensor film for pH or oxygen and microwell arrays prepared with carbon-black-doped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). We monitored singlecell respiration in parallel using a microarrayed oxygen sensor. An automatic single-cell collector we developed can be used with a commercial inverted microscope. The single-cell-based detection and collection we developed based on respiration or metabolic activity combines these two techniques. Model experiments for single-cell-based detection and collection based on metabolic activity used urease-immobilized microbeads (6 µm i.d.). Fluorescence intensity after substrate injection increased only in wells containing urease-immobilized microbeads. Bead in target wells could be successfully collected alone, leaving other beads in their wells, by simply pushing a controller button, requiring no training or skill.

scholarly journals Neuronal circuits overcome imbalance in excitation and inhibition by adjusting connection numbers

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. e2018459118
Author(s):  
Nirit Sukenik ◽  
Oleg Vinogradov ◽  
Eyal Weinreb ◽  
Menahem Segal ◽  
Anna Levina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Neuronal Circuitry ◽  
Inhibitory Cell ◽  
Single Cell Activity ◽  
Hippocampal Cultures ◽  
Cell Fractions ◽  
The Brain

The interplay between excitation and inhibition is crucial for neuronal circuitry in the brain. Inhibitory cell fractions in the neocortex and hippocampus are typically maintained at 15 to 30%, which is assumed to be important for stable dynamics. We have studied systematically the role of precisely controlled excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) cellular ratios on network activity using mice hippocampal cultures. Surprisingly, networks with varying E/I ratios maintain stable bursting dynamics. Interburst intervals remain constant for most ratios, except in the extremes of 0 to 10% and 90 to 100% inhibitory cells. Single-cell recordings and modeling suggest that networks adapt to chronic alterations of E/I compositions by balancing E/I connectivity. Gradual blockade of inhibition substantiates the agreement between the model and experiment and defines its limits. Combining measurements of population and single-cell activity with theoretical modeling, we provide a clearer picture of how E/I balance is preserved and where it fails in living neuronal networks.

scholarly journals In situ synthesis of methane using Ag–GDC composite electrodes in a tubular solid oxide electrolytic cell: new insight into the role of oxide ion removal

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 2055-2064
Author(s):  
Saheli Biswas ◽  
Aniruddha P. Kulkarni ◽  
Daniel Fini ◽  
Sarbjit Giddey ◽  
Sankar Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Electrolytic Cell ◽  
Composite Electrodes ◽  
Ion Removal ◽  
Single Temperature ◽  
Methanation Catalyst ◽  
Oxide Ion ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Electrochemical Phenomenon

In situ synthesis of methane in a single-temperature zone SOEC in the absence of any methanation catalyst is a completely electrochemical phenomenon governed by the thermodynamic equilibrium of various reactions.

scholarly journals Designing for international law: The architecture of international organizations 1922–1952

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Miriam Bak McKenna
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Organization ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Physical Manifestation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Do So

Abstract Situating itself in current debates over the international legal archive, this article delves into the material and conceptual implications of architecture for international law. To do so I trace the architectural developments of international law’s organizational and administrative spaces during the early to mid twentieth century. These architectural endeavours unfolded in three main stages: the years 1922–1926, during which the International Labour Organization (ILO) building, the first building exclusively designed for an international organization was constructed; the years 1927–1937 which saw the great polemic between modernist and classical architects over the building of the Palace of Nations; and the years 1947–1952, with the triumph of modernism, represented by the UN Headquarters in New York. These events provide an illuminating allegorical insight into the physical manifestation, modes of self-expression, and transformation of international law during this era, particularly the relationship between international law and the function and role of international organizations.

A Pictorial Tracking of Basal Plane Dislocations in SiC Epitaxy

2010 ◽  
Vol 645-648 ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Stahlbush ◽  
Rachael L. Myers-Ward ◽  
Brenda L. VanMil ◽  
D. Kurt Gaskill ◽  
Charles R. Eddy
Keyword(s):  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Basal Plane ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Epitaxial Layers ◽  
In Situ Growth ◽  
Half Loop ◽  
Insight Into

The recently developed technique of UVPL imaging has been used to track the path of basal plane dislocations (BPDs) in SiC epitaxial layers. The glide of BPDs during epitaxial growth has been observed and the role of this glide in forming half-loop arrays has been examined. The ability to track the path of BPDs through the epitaxy has made it possible to develop a BPD reduction process for epitaxy grown on 8° offcut wafers, which uses an in situ growth interrupt and has achieved a BPD reduction of > 98%. The images also provide insight into the strong BPD reduction that typically occurs in epitaxy grown on 4° offcut wafers.

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