scholarly journals XXXIV. An account of the lymphatic system in birds; by Mr. William Hewson, Reader in Anatomy: In a letter to William Hunter, M.D. F. R. S. and by him communicated to the Society

1768 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 217-226 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
William Hunter

Sir, Having been so fortunate, in a series of experiments made with that view, as to trace out the lymphatic system in birds, I have ventured to offer the following account of it to you, in order to be presented, if you think proper, to the Royal Society; and, I flatter myself, this discovery will be looked upon as some acquisition to physiology.

scholarly journals XXVIII. An account of the lymphatic system in amphibious animals. By Mr. William Hewson, Lecturer in Anatomy: In a letter to William Hunter, M.D. F. R. S. and by him communicated to the Society

1769 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Made In ◽  
William Hunter

Sir, Agreeable to the promise which I made, in a postscript to the paper on the lymphatic system in birds, which the Royal Society did me the honour of publishing in their last volume, I now take the liberty of begging of you to present to the learned Society an account of the same system in a turtle. I should likewise have added a figure of that animal, had not these vessels agreed in so many particulars with those in birds, that I flattered myself the description would be intelligible without it.

scholarly journals XIV. On the absorption of gases by solids

1881 ◽  
Vol 32 (212-215) ◽  
pp. 407-408
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Solid Matter ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
High Pressure And Temperature ◽  
Solid Iron ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Very High

During the progress of the investigations which I have from time to time had the honour of bringing under the notice of the Royal Society, I have again and again noticed the apparent disappearance of gases inclosed in vessels of various materials when the disappearance could not be accounted for upon the assumption of ordinary leakage. After a careful examination of the subject I found that the solids absorbed or dissolved the gases, giving rise to a striking example of the fixation of a gas in a solid without chemical action. In carrying out that most troublesome investigation, the crystalline separation of carbon from its compounds, the tubes used for experiment have been in nine cases out of ten found to be empty on opening them, and in most cases a careful testing by hydraulic press showed no leakage. The gases seemed to go through the solid iron, although it was 2 inches thick. A series of experiments with various linings were tried. The tube was electro-plated with copper, silver, and gold, but with no greater success. Siliceous linings were tried fusible enamels and glass—but still the' tubes refused to hold the contents. Out of thirty-four experiments made since my last results were published, only four contained any liquid or condensed gaseous matter after the furnacing. I became convinced that the solid matter at the very high pressure and temperature used must be pervious to gases.

scholarly journals XXX. An account of an extraordinary acephalous birth. By W. Cooper, M.D. in a letter to William Hunter, M.D. F. R. S

1775 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Abdominal Tumour ◽  
Natural Labour ◽  
William Hunter

Dear Sir, I take the liberty to remit you an account of the delivery of a very curious acephalous monster, accompanied with a short description of its anatomical structure. If, after a perusal of it, you should apprehend it may be acceptable to the Royal Society, I beg that you will do me the honour to lay it before them. Mrs. Brackett, of Clerkenwell Close, aged twenty-three years, was, at the end of her first pregnancy, by a natural labour, delivered of a perfect female child, on Friday the 8th of October, 1773, at seven o'clock in the morning. The attending midwife, Mrs. Ayres, soon perceived by the abdominal tumour that there was another child. After waiting about three hours, a flooding came on; but without pain, or any advancement of the second delivery. The hæmorrhage producing faintness, debility, and danger, the attendants and midwife were alarmed, and I was sent for. When I came, I found her in the situation above described; and therefore thought it my duty to accomplish the remaining part of the labour, as soon as I could, consistently with the safety of the mother.

W. T. Astbury and Ross G. Harrison: the search for the molecular determination of form in the developing embryo

1980 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-219 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Amphibian Embryo ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Biology I ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Molecular Determination

Amongst the Fellows elected to the Royal Society in 1941 were W. T. Astbury for his studies using X-ray analysis to study the structures of natural fibres, and amongst the Foreign Members elected that year was Ross G. Harrison for his contributions to embryology. Astbury and Harrison were very different in temperament, and worked in very different fields on either side of the Atlantic, yet they were united in their approach to the study of biological phenomena. Both Astbury and Harrison believed that the organization and form of biological materials whether wool fibres or the limb-bud in an amphibian embryo depended on molecular structure and pattern. Moreover both were concerned with dynamic aspects of form; Astbury’s greatest achievement was to demonstrate the dynamic, reversible folding and stretching of proteins in the k-m-e-f group, and Harrison looked to changing molecular patterns to account for changing symmetries in the developing embryo. It was this common approach that brought them together and led to Harrison spending a brief month in Leeds where they and K. M. Rudall performed what have been described as ‘truly progressive experiments in molecular biology’. I believe this short series of experiments illuminates the character and work of both Harrison and Astbury and illustrates the difficulties, practical and conceptual, in carrying out ‘progressive experiments’. I shall begin by reviewing briefly the embryological background of the time before going on to discuss in detail the approaches of Harrison and Astbury to their work and the outcome of their collaboration.

scholarly journals II. On some phenomena exhibited by gun-cotton and gunpowder under special conditions of exposure to heat

1864 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 204-217
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
Hot Wire ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
Mechanical Condition ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Made In

The experiments upon which I have been engaged for some time past, in connexion with the manufacture and properties of gun-cotton, have brought under my notice some interesting points in the behaviour of both gun. cotton and gunpowder, when exposed to high temperatures, under parti­cular conditions. I believe that these phenomena have not been previously observed, at any rate to their full extent, and I therefore venture to lay before the Royal Society a brief account of them. Being anxious to possess some rapid method of testing the uniformity of products obtained by carrying out General von Lenk’s system of manu­facture of gun-cotton, I instituted experiments for the purpose of ascer­taining whether, by igniting equal weights of gun-cotton of the same com­position, by voltaic agency, within a partially exhausted vessel connected with a barometric tube, I could rely upon obtaining a uniform depression of the mercurial column, in different experiments made in atmospheres of uniform rarefaction, and whether slight differences in the composition of the gun-cotton would be indicated, with sufficient accuracy, by a corre­sponding difference in the volume of gas disengaged, or in the depression of the mercury. I found that, provided the mechanical condition of the gun-cotton, and its position with reference to the source of heat, were in all instances the same, the indications furnished by these experiments were sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. Each experiment was made with fifteen grains of gun-cotton, which were wrapped compactly round the platinum wire; the apparatus was exhausted until the column of mercury was raised to a height varying from 29 inches to 29·5 inches. The flash which accompanied the deflagration of the gun-cotton was apparently similar to that observed upon its ignition in open air ; but it was noticed that an interval of time always occurred between the first application of heat (or incandescence of the wire) and the flashing of the gun-cotton, and that during this interval there was a very perceptible fall of the column of mercury. On several occasions, when the gun-cotton, in the form of “roving,” or loosely twisted strand, was only laid over the wire, so that it hung down on either side, the red-hot wire simply cut it into two pieces, which fell to the bottom of the exhausted vessel, without continuing to burn. As these results appeared to indicate that the effects of heat upon gun-cotton, in a highly rarefied atmosphere, differed importantly from those observed under ordinary circumstances, or in a very imperfect va­cuum, a series of experiments, under variously modified conditions, was instituted, of which the following are the most important.

II. Discussion of the results of some experiments with whirled anemometers

1881 ◽  
Vol 32 (212-215) ◽  
pp. 170-188
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Standard Pattern ◽  
Crystal Palace ◽  
Proper Factor ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Grant

In the course of the year 1872, Mr. R. H. Scott, F. R. S., suggested to the Meteorological Committee the desirability of carrying out a series of experiments on anemometers of different patterns. This suggestion was approved by the Committee, and in the course of same year a grant was obtained by Mr. Scott from the Government Grant administered by the Royal Society, for the purpose of defraying .the expenses of the investigation. The experiments were not, however, carried out by Mr. Scott himself, but were entrusted to Mr. Samuel Jeffery, then Superintendent of the Kew Observatory and Mr. G. M. Whipple, then First Assistant, the present Superintendent. The results have never hitherto been published, and I was not aware of their nature till on making a suggestion that an anemometer of the Kew standard pattern should be whirled in the open air, with a view of trying that mode of determining its proper factor, Mr Scott informed me of what had already been done, and wrote to Mr. Whipple requesting him to place in my hands the results of the most complete of the experiments, namely, those carried on at the Crystal Palace which I accordingly obtained from him. The progress of the enquiry may be gathered from the following extract from Mr. Scott's report in returning the unexpended balance of the grant.

XII. On the polarisation of light by oblique transmission through all bodies, whether crystallized or uncrystallized. By David Brewster, LL.D. F. R. S. Edin. and F. S. A. Edin. In a letter addressed to Taylor Combe, Esq. Sec. R. S

1814 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Result ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Polarised Light ◽  
Partial Polarisation ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Humphry Davy ◽  
The Revolution

Sir, In a letter on “ the Affections of Light in its passage through crystallized Bodies," which I had the honour of transmitting a few days ago to the Royal Society through Sir HUMPHRY DAVY, I alluded to a series of experiments which I had in view for the purpose of generalising the various phenomena which had been described. At the very commencement of this enquiry I have been led to the important general result “ that “ light transmitted obliquely through all transparent bodies, “ whether crystallized or uncrystallized, suffers polarisation " like one of the pencils formed by doubly refracting crystals," and I hasten to communicate to you a brief sketch of the nature and consequences of this discovery. In examining if any change was produced upon common light during its passage along the oblique depolarising axis of mica, I observed, in one position of the mineral, some appearances which indicated a partial polarisation of the incident rays. Upon turning the mica round, so as to preserve its obliquity to the incident pencil, the same phenomena presented themselves in every part of the revolution of the mica, and the quantity of polarised light was found to increase with the obliquity of its incidence. I then substituted a plate of glass instead of the mica, and a similar result was obtained, though the quantity of polarised light was considerably less titan in the first experiment. By adding one plate of glass after another, the number of polarised rays was increased by the addition of each plate, and when the plates amounted to fifteen , the transmitted pencil was wholly polarised at an angle of about 70° 17', and possessed all the properties of that species of light.

scholarly journals III. A description of an extensive series of the water battery; with an account of some experiments made in order to test the relation of the electrical and the chemical actions which take place before and after completion of the voltaic circuit

1844 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 39-52
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Negative Facts ◽  
Made In

1. In a paper, which I communicated to the Royal Society in 1839, and which was honoured by insertion in the Transactions of the following year, I described a series of experiments made with some powerful voltaic batteries, for the purpose of determining the possibility of obtaining a spark before the completion of the voltaic circuit. I was therein enabled to establish a few facts respecting polar tension, or rather respecting the absence of any notable degree of it in the batteries I described; for instance, I proved that, with 320 series of Professor Daniell’s constant battery, polar tension was not evinced adequate to the striking distance of 1/5000 th of an inch; nor was I more successful in obtaining it with a water battery of 1024 series, constructed by the same gentleman. I also stated that, according to the present theoretical views of the action of the voltaic battery, with the apparatus I then used, it ought to have taken place; and that, if by a still more powerful apparatus it could not be obtained, the theory must, in some way or other, be incorrect. 2. The preceding negative facts are not without their value in a scientific point of view; they show us, at least, a certain limit within which the anticipated effects could not be obtained. At the same time I could not fail to admit that they were anything but conclusive, as to the actual question of the possibility of obtaining the spark before the circuit was completed. That I am justified in calling the spark, under such circumstances, an anticipated effect, may be fairly assumed, because every electrician is aware that the terminals of a voltaic series invariably evince a certain amount of tension and as spark is but a consequence of tension exalted to a maximum, it is only fair to anticipate that, by increasing the tension, it would be obtained.

scholarly journals A further note on the nutrition of the early embryo: with special reference to the chick

1908 ◽  
Vol 80 (540) ◽  
pp. 332-338 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Uterine Secretion ◽  
Do So

In furtherance of the views put forward regarding the nutrition of the early embryo by the author in a preliminary note read before the Royal Society in February, 1905, the following series of experiments was carried out. The changes that take place between the growing embryo and the maternal secretion are in the mammalia, not easy to study, on account of the difficulties to be encountered, such as the minute size of the embryo, and the small amount of uterine secretion available. In birds, on the order hand, the uterine secretion, viz., the white of the egg, is abundant. The growing embryo can be examined easily at any stage which may be desired, and since all the changes which take place do so within the limits of the shell, the products of these changes are capable of accurate analysis.

scholarly journals Researches on modern explosives. Second communication

1900 ◽  
Vol 66 (424-433) ◽  
pp. 221-232
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Series Of Experiments

In our communication published in the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society,’ vol. 56 (in which we gave results of the determination of the calories evolved and analysis of the products of combustion o various explosives), reference was made to certain experiments we had then begun for the purpose of determining the actual maximum temperature reached during explosion. We have now made a long series of experiments in this direction, and propose to communicate some of the results so far obtained, although the research is not yet complete.

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