Standard Patterns of Considerations in Law, District Regulation and Qanun Based on Legal Rules in Indonesia

The consequence of the state of the law is legislation to be an essential instrument in regulating public life. However, in some parts of Indonesia, they can make their regional regulation slightly different from the constitution, wherein this article will focus on Qanun in Aceh Province. The research used in this paper is normative law research. This research used sequential data or library data. Secondary data consists of primary law materials, secondary law materials, and tertiary law materials. The approach method used is the legislative approach and the conceptual approach. The formulation of the problem in this paper is how the standard pattern of consideration in the Law, Regional Regulations, and Qanun is based on legislation. The results show that in the Law in Consideration, Consider using the word "membentuk" or "form" because the law-making institution consists of legislative institutions and executive institutions. Regional regulation considers using the word "menetapkan" or "establish" because the institution that makes local regulations is a local government consisting of elements of local governments and local people's representative councils. This consideration follows Annex II of Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Establishment of Legislation as amended by Law Number 15 of 2019. However, the Qanun used the word "membentuk" or "form" due following Article 233 paragraph (1) of Law Number 11 the Year 2006 on Aceh Governance and Annex II of Aceh Qanun Number 5 of 2011 on the Procedures for the Establishment of Qanun.

Different patterns of human activities in nature during Covid-19 pandemic and African swine fever outbreak confirm direct impact on wildlife disruption

Implementation of various restrictions to eradicate viral diseases has globally affected human activity and subsequently nature. But how can the altered routines of human activity (restrictions, lockdowns) affect wildlife behaviour? This study compared the differences between human and wildlife occurrences in the study forest area with acreage of 5430.6 ha in 2018 (African swine fever outbreak, complete entrance ban), 2019 (standard pattern) and 2020 (COVID-19 restrictions) during the breeding season. The number of visitors was lower by 64% in 2018 (non-respecting of the entry ban by forest visitors) compared to standard 2019, while in 2020, the number of visitors increased to 151%. In the COVID-19 period, distinct peaks in the number of visitors were observed between 8–11 AM and 4–7 PM. The peaks of wildlife activity were recorded between 4–7 AM and 9–12 PM. Animals avoided the localities that were visited by humans during the people-influenced time (24 h after people visit), which confirmed the direct negative impact of human activities on wildlife.

Razão de exames citopatológicos do colo do útero em mulheres de 25 a 64 anos em Santa Catarina: um estudo ecológico

Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a Cobertura de exames citopatológicos de Colo Uterino na população de 25 a 64 anos e sua relação com a cobertura populacional pelas equipes de Saúde da Família nos municípios de Santa Catarina. Estudo transversal que utilizou dados secundários do banco de dados oficiais do Estado de Santa Catarina dos indicadores de Cobertura de exames citopatológicos e cobertura populacional pelas equipes de Saúde da Família nos anos de 2017 e 2018. Análise descritiva incluindo média, desvio padrão, mediana, percentil 25 e 75, mínimos e máximos para todos os indicadores de estudo e correlação de Spearman. O estudo confirmou a hipótese de que quanto maior a cobertura de Equipes de Saúde da Família (ESF) melhores são os indicadores de saúde, pois os municípios com melhor cobertura de ESF apresentaram melhor a razão de exames citopatológicos de Colo Uterino na população de 25 a 64 anos no período estudado.Descritores: Enfermagem, Citopatológico, Indicadores de Saúde Comunitária. Reason for cervical cytopathological exams in women aged 25 to 64 years in Santa Catarina: an ecological studyAbstract: This study aims to evaluate the coverage of cervical cytological examinations in the population aged 25 to 64 years and its relationship with population coverage by the Family Health teams in the municipalities of Santa Catarina. Cross-sectional study using secondary data from official databases of the State of Santa Catarina, indicators of coverage of cytopathological examinations, and population coverage by family health teams in the years 2017 and 2018. Descriptive analysis including mean, standard pattern, median, 25th, and 75th percentile, minimum and maximum for all study indicators, and Spearman correlation. The study confirmed the hypothesis that the greater the coverage of family health equipment (FHS), the better health indicators, as the municipalities with the best FHS coverage consider the ratio of cervical cytopathological examinations better in the population aged 25 to 64 years in the studied period.Descriptors: Nursing, Cytopathological, Health Indicators. Motivo de los exámenes citopatológicos del cuello uterino en mujeres de 25 a 64 años en Santa Catarina: un estudio ecológicoResumen: Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la cobertura de los exámenes citológicos del cuello uterino en la población de 25 a 64 años y su relación con la cobertura poblacional por parte de los equipos de salud familiar en los municipios de Santa Catarina. Estudio transversal que utiliza datos secundarios de bases de datos oficiales del Estado de Santa Catarina, indicadores de cobertura de exámenes citopatológicos y cobertura poblacional por equipos de salud familiar en los años 2017 y 2018. Análisis descriptivo que incluye la media, patrón estándar, mediana, 25 y percentil 75, mínimo y máximo para todos los indicadores de estudio y la correlación de Spearman. El estudio confirmó la hipótesis de que cuanto mayor es la cobertura del equipo de salud familiar (FHS), mejores son los indicadores de salud, ya que los municipios con la mejor cobertura de FHS consideran mejor la proporción de exámenes citopatológicos del cuello uterino en la población de 25 a 64 años el periodo estudiadoDescriptores: Enfermería, Citopatológico, Indicadores de Salud Comunitaria.

Ontogeny of Inner Ear Saccular Development in the Plainfin Midshipman (Porichthys notatus)

The auditory system of the plainfin midshipman fish (<i>Porichthys notatus</i>) is an important sensory system used to detect and encode biologically relevant acoustic stimuli important for survival and reproduction including social acoustic signals used for intraspecific communication. Previous work showed that hair cell (HC) density in the midshipman saccule increased seasonally with reproductive state and was concurrent with enhanced auditory saccular sensitivity in both females and type I males. Although reproductive state-dependent changes in HC density have been well characterized in the adult midshipman saccule, less is known about how the saccule changes during ontogeny. Here, we examined the ontogenetic development of the saccule in four relative sizes of midshipman (larvae, small juveniles, large juveniles, and nonreproductive adults) to determine whether the density, total number, and orientation patterns of saccular HCs change during ontogeny. In addition, we also examined whether the total number of HCs in the saccule differ from that of the utricle and lagena in nonreproductive adults. We found that HC density varied across developmental stage. The ontogenetic reduction in HC density was concurrent with an ontogenetic increase in macula area. The orientation pattern of saccular HCs was similar to the standard pattern previously described in other teleost fishes, and this pattern of HC orientation was retained during ontogeny. Lastly, the estimated number of saccular HCs increased with developmental stage from the smallest larvae (2,336 HCs) to the largest nonreproductive adult (145,717 HCs), and in nonreproductive adults estimated HC numbers were highest in the saccule (mean ± SD = 28,479 ± 4,809 HCs), intermediate in the utricle (mean ± SD = 11,008 ± 1,619 HCs) and lowest in the lagena (mean ± SD = 4,560 ± 769 HCs).

“Prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in a sample of patients attending Sligo/Leitrim mental health services with a diagnosis of eating disorder”

AimsThe main aim of this study is to investigate its presence in a sample of patients already diagnosed with a canonical eating disorder and also to understand eventual overlaps with other clinical disorders in order to optimize treatment and follow-up. The ORTO-15 questionnaire, developed by an Italian team of researchers in 2005, was used to achieve the above aims: it is a tool comprehensive of 15 questions that assesses eating habits perceived as healthy. Really interesting and fascinating is to comprehend if people with a diagnosis of eating disorder present orthorectic behaviour and how this emerging reality fits in the Irish society with its peculiarities and uniqueness.MethodEvery patient was asked to complete a demographic grid (elaborated by the researchers, which includes information regarding: age, gender, race, weight, height, hours of weekly exercise, years of education, employment situation, medical illnesses, smoking habits, type of diet, average weekly alcohol intake) and the Orto-15 questionnaireResultThe Point Prevalence obtained is 17.9%.ConclusionThe results obtained from this study give a clear indication of the profile of the orthorexic patient, considered that the sample was obtained from a population of people with a diagnosis of Eating Disorder: Caucasian woman in her 30sExercising 5 hours per weekSecondary educationUnemployedNon-smokerDiagnosis of Anorexia NervosaNo other comorbid psychiatric illnessesStandard pattern of eatingMinimal or absent alcohol consumptionNormal range BMIAccording to previous Italian studies (Ramacciotti et al. 2011), the expected rates of Orthorexia Nervosa in the general population are between 6.9% and 57.6%, with a peak of 81.8% in specific populations, fact that places our examined sample in the lower side of the prevalence previously considered. It is very difficult to comprehend and explain the reasons behind this fact and probably this is due to an overshadowing of symptoms with the major eating disorders. It is also significant the absence of correlation found between OCD and ON and also the fact that ON is more linked to Bulimia Nervosa in our sample rather then Anorexia Nervosa.

The Value of MRI in Diagnosing and Classifying Acute Traumatic Multiple Ligament Knee Injuries

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used examination for knee injuries, however, the accuracy of MRI in classifying multiple ligament knee injuries (MLKIs) has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of MRI in diagnosing and classifying acute traumatic MLKIs.Methods The clinical data of 97 patients who were diagnosed with acute traumatic MLKIs and managed by multi-ligament reconstruction were retrospectively reviewed. Intraoperative findings were considered as the standard pattern of injured structures. The value of MRI in detecting injuries of ligaments and meniscus was evaluated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and kappa coefficients analysis. The value of MRI in classifying MLKIs was evaluated by calculating the agreement between MRI and intraoperative findings.Results For detecting the specific injured structures in MLKIs, MRI had high sensitivity and moderate specificity in detecting cruciate ligament injuries, moderate sensitivity and specificity in detecting collateral ligament injuries, fair sensitivity and low specificity in the diagnosis of injuries to the meniscus. For classifying the MIKIs, MRI had a moderate agreement with intraoperative findings in classifying KD-Ⅴ (kappa value=0.57), poor agreement in the KD-Ⅰ (kappa value=0.39) and KD-ⅢM (kappa value=0.31), meaningless in the KD-Ⅱ and KD-ⅢL (kappa value <0). The overall agreement in classifying MLKIs was poor (kappa value =0.23). Conclusions MRI can be used for the early detection of MLKIs, however, the value of MRI in classifying MLKIs is limited, management of MLKIs should be based on intraoperative findings.

Brief Bioinformatics characterization of Cotton bZIP transcription factors family from Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii

Cotton is an important commodity in the world economy. In this study we have carried out genome-wide identification and bioinformatics characterization of basic leucine zipper domain proteins (bZIPs) from cultivated cotton species G. hirsutum along with two sub-genome species of allotetraploid cotton, G. arboreum and G. raimondii. A total of 228 bZIP genes of G. hirsutum, 91 bZIP genes of G. arboreum and 86 bZIP genes of G. raimondii were identified from CottonGen database. Cotton bZIP genes were annotated in standard pattern according to their match with Arabidopsis bZIPs. Multiple genes with similar bZIP designations were observed in cotton, linked to the gene duplication. Cotton bZIPs are distributed across all 13 chromosomes with varied density. Phylogenetic characterization of all three cotton species bZIPs classified them into 12 subfamilies, namely A B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and S and further into eight subgroups according to their predicted functional similarities, viz., A1, A2, A3, C1, C2, S1, S2 and S3. Subfamily A and S are having maximum number of bZIP genes, subfamily B, H, J and K are single member families. Cotton bZIP protein functions were predicted from identified motifs and orthologs from varied species. BRLZ domain analysis of G. raimondii bZIPs revealed the presence of conserved basic region motif N-X7-R/K in almost all subfamily members, variants are GrbZIP62 with N-X7-I motif and GrbZIP76 with K-X7-R motif. Leucine heptad repeats motif, are also present in variant numbers from two to nine with leucine or other hydrophobic amino acid at designated position among 12 subfamily members. STRING protein interaction network analysis of G. raimondii bZIPs observed strong interaction between A-D, B-K and C-S subfamily members.

The electrophysiological tests in the early detection of the visual pathway dysfunction in patients with microadenoma

Purpose To evaluate the validity of electrophysiological tests in the early diagnosis of a ganglion cells and/or optic nerve dysfunction in patients with pituitary microadenoma. Methods 66 eyes, from 33 patients with microadenoma with no evidence of the optic chiasm compression in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the visual impairment in the routine ophthalmological examination, standard static perimetry (24-2 white on white) and optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT), were analysed. The pattern electroretinogram (PERG), standard pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEPs) and multichannel visual evoked potentials (mVEPs) (ISCEV standards) were performed. The results obtained from the electrophysiological tests were compared to the same number of age-matched healthy controls. Results Statistically significant differences between the patients with microadenoma and healthy controls were detected in all electrophysiological tests (p < 0.001). The most frequent abnormalities were observed in mVEPs (25/33 patients, 75.8%; 43/66 eyes, 65.2%). The most frequent features registered in this test were: (1°4′)—an increase in the P100wave latency from uncrossed fibres (13/33 patients, 39.39%; 21/66 eyes, 31.8%) and (0°16′)—an amplitude reduction of this wave from the crossed fibres (11/33 patients, 33.33%; 19/66 eyes, 28.8%). The changes in PVEPs (15/33 patients, 45.5%; 25/66 eyes, 37.9%) and PERG (10/33 patients, 30.3%; 15/66 eyes, 22.7%) were also registered. Of all the tests and parameters analysed in the study, the greatest diagnostic value in detecting the visual pathway dysfunction in this group of patients was the amplitude of P100 wave from the crossed fibres of the mVEPs (1°4′) with a sensitivity of 60.6% and a specificity of 93.8%. These parameters suggest that this type of dysfunction is downstream to the chiasm and can also indicate the visual pathway dysfunction severity. Conclusions In patients with microadenoma, the abnormalities in the electrophysiological tests are registered even without clinical evidence of visual impairment from the routine ophthalmological examination, SAP, OCT and chiasmal compression in MRI. The mVEPs have the most significant role in the diagnosis of the visual pathway dysfunction in patients with microadenoma.

Learning regularized representations of categorically labelled surface EMG enables simultaneous and proportional myoelectric control

Background Processing the surface electromyogram (sEMG) to decode movement intent is a promising approach for natural control of upper extremity prostheses. To this end, this paper introduces and evaluates a new framework which allows for simultaneous and proportional myoelectric control over multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs) in real-time. The framework uses multitask neural networks and domain-informed regularization in order to automatically find nonlinear mappings from the forearm sEMG envelope to multivariate and continuous encodings of concurrent hand- and wrist kinematics, despite only requiring categorical movement instruction stimuli signals for calibration. Methods Forearm sEMG with 8 channels was collected from healthy human subjects (N = 20) and used to calibrate two myoelectric control interfaces, each with two output DoFs. The interfaces were built from (I) the proposed framework, termed Myoelectric Representation Learning (MRL), and, to allow for comparisons, from (II) a standard pattern recognition framework based on Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The online performances of both interfaces were assessed with a Fitts’s law type test generating 5 quantitative performance metrics. The temporal stabilities of the interfaces were evaluated by conducting identical tests without recalibration 7 days after the initial experiment session. Results Metric-wise two-way repeated measures ANOVA with factors method (MRL vs LDA) and session (day 1 vs day 7) revealed a significant ($$p<0.05$$ p < 0.05 ) advantage for MRL over LDA in 5 out of 5 performance metrics, with metric-wise effect sizes (Cohen’s $$d$$ d ) separating MRL from LDA ranging from $$\left|d\right|=0.62$$ d = 0.62 to $$\left|d\right|=1.13$$ d = 1.13 . No significant effect on any metric was detected for neither session nor interaction between method and session, indicating that none of the methods deteriorated significantly in control efficacy during one week of intermission. Conclusions The results suggest that MRL is able to successfully generate stable mappings from EMG to kinematics, thereby enabling myoelectric control with real-time performance superior to that of the current commercial standard for pattern recognition (as represented by LDA). It is thus postulated that the presented MRL approach can be of practical utility for muscle-computer interfaces.

Scalp Reconstruction with Novel Unopposing Double Hatchet Flaps- A Case Series

Though there are regional and distant approaches for acquired scalp defect reconstruction, use of local flaps always have the advantage of retaining the topography of scalp. As in treatment of any other defect the choice of a local flap in scalp wound coverage is dictated by the location, size, and depth of the defect and by the availability of adjacent tissue for reconstruction. The versatile and adaptable triangular hatchet flap with a partial skin and subcutaneous bridged pedicle has great versatility. When used singularly or in pair to cover small and medium sized defects, utilising both rotation and advancement components for its movement, has the benefit of maintaining cosmetic appearance. Double hatchet flaps are used commonly in an opposing manner so as to convert a circular wound to a ‘S’ shaped suture line. In the current case series, with a description of four representative cases, authors have presented a modification of this double hatchet flap in unopposing configuration instead of an opposing pattern to cover scalp defects when the type and extent of injury affecting the scalp prevents in heaving flaps at 180 degree to each other. Authors opine that this technique adds into the ever expanding armamentarium of reconstructive surgeon and can be made use of in the aforementioned conditions wherein the standard pattern cannot be employed to cover moderate sized scalp defects.