III. On rubian and its products of decomposition

1853 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 67-107 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Alkaline Earths

Action of Alkalies and Alkaline Earths on Rubian. In the first part of this paper I have described, in general terms, the effect produced on rubian by alkalies. It is only the fixed alkalies that are capable of effecting the decomposition of rubian. Ammonia produces no perceptible change in a watery solution of this substance, except that of altering its colour from yellow to blood-red. This blood-red colour remains unchanged even after long-continued boiling, and the solution still contains rubian, for on supersaturating the ammonia with acid, the solution again becomes yellow, and not the slightest precipitate is produced. The fixed alkalies, on the other hand, act very differently. On adding caustic soda to a solution of rubian, the colour of the solution first changes to blood-red. On boiling the liquid, however, its colour soon changes again from blood-red to purple. This alteration in colour indicates the formation of alizarine. If the boiling be continued, there is deposited, as the liquid becomes more concentrated, a dark purple powder, which consists mainly of a compound of alizarine and soda, and separates in conse­quence of its insolubility in caustic lye. After the liquid has been boiled for some time, then, provided the quantity of soda employed be sufficiently large, the rubian is entirely decomposed. On now adding sulphuric acid in excess, a quantity of orange- coloured flocks, exactly like those produced by the action of acids on rubian, is pre­cipitated, while the liquid becomes almost colourless. These flocks are separated by filtration and washed with cold water, until the sulphate of soda and sulphuric acid are entirely removed. They now consist mainly of four substances, viz. 1st, Alizarine ; 2ndly, Rubiretine ; 3rdly, Verantine and 4thly, a substance which has not hitherto been observed, and to which I shall give the name of Rubiadine .

III.—On the Reduction of Ferric Iron (1) by Sulphurous Acid and (2) by Zinc Dust

1913 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Alexander Charles Cumming ◽  
E. W. Hamilton Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Zinc Dust ◽  
The Other ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Large Excess ◽  
Other Hand

So many papers have appeared on this subject that some apology seems desirable before making an additional contribution. The amount of published work on reduction with sulphurous acid is in itself an indication that many workers have found difficulties. It has been shown that the reduction does not take place in presence of large excess of hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, but the reduction will still occur while the reaction of the solution is strongly acid. On the other hand, Hillebrand (“Analysis of Silicate and Carbonate Rocks,” U.S. Bulletin, 442, p. 113) states if the solution after addition of sulphite is red in colour, it is too alkaline and acid must be added.

scholarly journals Changes in Soil Structure and Soil Organic Matter Due to Different Severities of Fire

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Šimanský
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract The effect of different fire severity on the changes of the soil organic matter (SOM) and soil structure was evaluated. Soil samples were collected (May 2010) in the locality of Nitra-Dražovce (Slovakia) from the following plots: 1) control (unburned place), 2) low severity of fire and 3) higher severity of fire. The results showed that the content of water-stable microaggregates (WSAmi) increased by 20% in the area with a low severity of fire, but on the other hand, it decreased by 42% in the area with the higher severity of fire in comparison to control. The higher severity of fire resulted in a decrease of smaller size fractions of water-stable macroaggregates (WSAma) (0.5−0.25) and a low severity of fire resulted in the decrease of WSAma 2−0.5 mm. On the other hand, the content of WSAma in the size fraction >5 mm was higher by 54% and by 32% in the lower and higher severity of fire, respectively, than in unburned soil. The higher severity of fire had a more positive effect on increases of the structure coefficient and coefficient of aggregate stability, as well as on the decrease of the vulnerability coefficient compared to the low severity of fire. After burning, the contents of soil organic carbon (Corg) and labile carbon were significantly increased by the severity of fire. However, the low severity of fire affected more markedly the increase of hot water-soluble and cold water-soluble carbon than the higher severity of fire. After burning and due to the severity of fire, both the carbon of humic and carbon of fulvic acids ratios and SOM stability increased. The parameters of SOM due to fire significantly increased also in WSA with the least changes in WSAmi. The results showed that a low severity of fire increased Corg mainly in WSAma >2mm and WSAmi, whereas high severity fire increased Corg content in the smaller fraction of WSAma.

scholarly journals Cechy wpływające na odbiór i opinię o reklamie

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 143-156
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Haławin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Qualities affecting the perception and opinion about advertisingWhen we ask people “What is this advertisement?” or “What is your opinion about this advertisement?” their judges will be probable very simple. They said, that advertisement is good or bad, nice or ugly etc. We can see there are very general judges, which are difficult to interpret scientifically. In this article is presented the exemplary solution of this problem by  hecking how people understand the phenomenon of good and bad advertisement and what qualities are associated with them. On the one hand, there are many general terms, but if we try to check them through the research of communication it turns out that good and bad advertisements are constructs which have different images. Both constructs good and bad of advertising are clearly different. It means that respondents didn’t create one, dominant image of good and bad advertisement. Although opinions of respondents are different it seems we can find and select areas which dominate in both constructs. In the case of the topic of a good advertisement that area is certainly creativity. In any questions related to a good advertisement it plays an important role. Therefore, it seems that the creativity is a key element in the construction of a good advertisement. On the other hand, if there is a bad advertisement, it is observed that main areas are boredom opposition to the creativity, and furthermore vulgarity and causing nervousness.

scholarly journals On knot polynomials of annular surfaces and their boundary links

2009 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERMANN GRUBER
Keyword(s):  
Simple Formula ◽  
The Other ◽  
Möbius Transform ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Kauffman Polynomial ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Alternating Links

AbstractStoimenow and Kidwell asked the following question: letKbe a non-trivial knot, and letW(K) be a Whitehead double ofK. LetF(a,z) be the Kauffman polynomial andP(v,z) the skein polynomial. Is then always max degzPW(K) − 1 = 2 max degzFK? Here this question is rephrased in more general terms as a conjectured relation between the maximumz-degrees of the Kauffman polynomial of an annular surfaceAon the one hand, and the Rudolph polynomial on the other hand, the latter being defined as a certain Möbius transform of the skein polynomial of the boundary link ∂A. That relation is shown to hold for algebraic alternating links, thus simultaneously solving the conjecture by Kidwell and Stoimenow and a related conjecture by Tripp for this class of links. Also, in spite of the heavyweight definition of the Rudolph polynomial {K} of a linkK, the remarkably simple formula {◯}{L#M} = {L}{M} for link composition is established. This last result can be used to reduce the conjecture in question to the case of prime links.

Photochemistry of 2,2'-dinitrodiphenylmethanes: Irradiations in neutral, acidic and alkaline media

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
CP Joshua ◽  
PK Ramdas
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Major Product ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Acidic And Alkaline Media

Photolysis of 2,2'-dinitrodiphenylmethane (1) in isopropyl alcohol affords dibenzo[c,f][l,2]diazepin-11-one 5-oxide (7) as the major product. Dibenzo[c,f][l,2]diazepin-11-one 5,6-dioxide (6), acridone (8) and 2,2'-dinitrobenzophenone (9) are also formed in the reaction. Irradiation of (1) in ethanolic sulphuric acid on the other hand yields 3-(2'-nitropheny1)-2,l-benzisoxazole (11) as the major product; small amounts of (7), (8) and (9) are also isolated. Photoconversion of (1) in triethylamine and alcoholic triethylamine proceeds very slowly and compounds (7), (8) and (9) only are isolated from the photolysed solution. Some aspects of the mechanism are discussed.

Notes on The Corpus Tibullianum

1944 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Maguinness
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Other Hand

Delia is being carefully watched and the door is locked to keep her in and her lover out (lines 5–6). It is hardly reasonable to suppose that she has in these circumstances been left in possession of the key; it is presumably in the custody of the ianitor. According to Ovid(A.A. iii. 643), what girls in this situation did was to have a duplicate key (adultera clauis) fabricated for use when occasion offered.The Delphin Ed. note ‘Par. pro fixo habet fcdso’ may, of course, record what is merely a correction. Falso may, on the other hand, have arisen from a gloss on a reading ficto in a manuscript prior to those extant, which could easily have degenerated to fixo. This reading would sufficiently improve the sense of the passage to merit consideration, for lines 17 ff., while couched in general terms, clearly refer to the situation in which Tibullus and Delia are placed and describe the kind of behaviour by which they are to merit Venus' aid.

scholarly journals Long term effects of formaldehyde preservation on subsequent bone maceration procedures: a comparative study between cold and hot water maceration

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1000-1008
Author(s):  
Ayodeji S.O. Odukoya ◽  
Oluwaseun Ajani ◽  
Taiye S. Adelodun
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Small Bones

This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cold and hot water maceration techniques for the development of bone specimens from cadavers. Three already dissected bodies of both sexes (two males and a female) obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria were used. The male bodies were labelled as A and B and the female as C. Before maceration, the heights of the bodies were taken to be 165 cm, 170 cm and 160 cm for A, B and C respectively. The bodies were preserved in formalin for 4 years before being used. Hot water maceration involves cooking bones in water. Bodies A and C were used in this method. While cold water maceration is simply by soaking the body in water until all the remaining flesh was removed. Hot water maceration showed changes in color of the bones, shrinkage of the bones, oily substances were seen on the surface of the chloroform during degreasing and the bones were very soft after bleaching but got harder after drying with sunlight. Cold water maceration on the other hand kept the bones white and maintained their integrity though it required a lot of time. Small bones had their flesh removed quickly in few weeks, while larger and longer bones took months. We conclude that cold water maceration done properly, results in cleaner bones and better morphological outcomes than hot water method though it requires much time.KEYWORDS: Maceration, Formaldehyde, Comparative, Bones, Hot water, Cold water

scholarly journals Loch Ness Monsters as cryptid (presently unknown) sea turtles

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104
Author(s):  
Henry Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Fast Movement ◽  
The Many

The most popular attribution of identity for Loch Ness Monsters is a relationship with the extinct plesiosaurs, but this is difficult to square with the rarity of surface sightings let alone occasional sightings on land. On the other hand, everything described for Loch Ness Monsters is known among the many species of living as well as thought-to-be extinct turtles: air-breathing but spending very long periods in deep water; ventures onto land; very fast movement in water; ability to be active in very cold water; relatively long necks. It is suggested that Loch Ness Monsters, Nessies, are a yet-to be properly discovered and described variety of large sea turtle that is most likely also still extant in some specific niches in the oceans.

scholarly journals Chemical action that is stimulated by alternating currents

1914 ◽  
Vol 90 (615) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Alternating Current ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Local Circuit ◽  
Low Resistance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Continuous Current ◽  
Voltaic Cell

The following experiments were carried out in the year 1905. Taking a simple voltaic cell, consisting of an anode and cathode of zinc and carbon, and an electrolyte of dilute sulphuric acid, it was found that polarisation, which takes place when the cell is joined to a local circuit of low resistance, could be diminished or completely abolished, by passing through the cell an alternating current of suitable value. Fig. 1 illustrates the arrangement of the cell, D, joined up to deliver current through the ampèremeter, B; under these conditions the cell is very quickly polarised, and the continuous current falls to a very low figure. On the other hand, if a suitable strength of alternating current of. say, 100 periods per second is sent through the cell from the leads A, the cell D will be completely depolarised and will give its full current delivery. L is a self-induction and K a capacity to prevent the alternating and continuous currents from flowing in each other's circuit, the only part of the circuit common to both being through the cell.

Observations on Middle Indian Morphology

1936 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 563-577
Author(s):  
Louis H. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Linguistic Development ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Indian Linguistic

Investigation of Middle Indian morphology from the strictly linguistic point of view can fairly be said to have been made thus far only by Jules Bloch, notably in his L'Indo-aryen du Véda aux temps modernes (Paris, 1934). However valuable as descriptive grammars and as collections of material the Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen of Richard Pischel (Strasbourg, 1900) and the Pāli Literatur und Sprache of Wilhelm Geiger (Strasbourg, 1916) undoubtedly are, both works are far from linguistic in purpose. In Bloch's masterly survey of the history of Indian linguistic development from Vedic through Sanskrit and Middle Indian to Modern Indian, on the other hand, embracing phonology, morphology, and sentence-structure, it was scarcely possible, in view of the mass of material, for him todiscuss every detail. It is my purpose, then, as a comparative linguist, to consider in the following pages certain phenomena in Middle Indian which seem to merit further study, omitting on principle all that appears already to have been satisfactorily explained, such as the pronouns (cf. Bloch, pp. 145–7). Speaking in very general terms, Middle Indian would seem to present a mixture of forms common to Vedic and Sanskrit, number of survivals to be paralleled only in Vedic or Iranian, and a considerable amount of contamination of formations whose functions were, at least approximately, identical.

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