Technology for Conversion of Computer Tomography Results into Three-Dimensional Models

The development relates to information technology and can be used to process medical images. This task is achieved by the fact that DICOM files containing the results of computed tomography of the human head are subject to correction. They change the color of the pixels at the transition points from black to gray or vice versa, and also replace the black pixel with white. As a result, the percentage of loss of information about small bones is reduced from 22-31 % to 3-5 %, and, therefore, the accuracy of the three-dimensional model of the facial skull of the human head is increased. All this contributes to a significant improvement in the quality of facial surgery.

Central Giant Cell Granuloma of the Mandible: Clinical Observation

The Giant central cell granuloma (GCCG) is a benign intra-osseous lesion of the neo-plastic type. It appears mainly in the mandible, but can be observed in the maxilla and small bones of the hand and foot, with a predilection for the female sex and prevalence at a young age. Its diagnosis is clinical and radiological, confirmed by histological examination. The differential diagnosis is biological because it has a wide range of morphologies and a misinterpretation with other giant cell lesions can often occur. The authors present a case of the Giant central cell granuloma in a 62-year-old woman developing for 3 years after dental extractions. The most favorable treatment for giant cell granulomas is surgical whose main objective is to prevent recurrences.

Morphophysiological Analysis of Keratobranchial Bone II located in the Hyoid of the Green Turtle (Chelonias mydas) found in Peruíbe, South Coast of Brazil, Mosaic of Conservation Units-Juréia-Itatins and APACIP

The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) present in tropical seas, uses as a feeding area the coastal region of Peruíbe, has the skull as a relatively large and solid structure, and a strong jaw formed by the junction of small bones as it has very abrasive feeding. By applying scanning electron microscopy techniques, it was possible to identify the presence of a bone structure located in the hyoid in the ventral region of the skull along with the mandible of juvenile individuals of green turtles, and as there is no related research, it was necessary to perform a CT scan, decalcification and histology of the quelonian hyoid, to discover the morphological composition of this new structure, described only in the species Chelonia mydas. Thus, the morphology of the structures and its confirmation as a real bone, with characteristic of spongy bone, described as certobranchial II, was confirmed, thus helping researchers to seek other ways to understand the feeding processes of these animals that are going through a series of serious environmental problems and therefore perhaps having to change their eating habits to overcome the high level of pollution that we are finding in the oceans. RESUMO A tartaruga verde (Chelonia mydas) presente nos mares tropicais, utiliza como zona de alimentação a região costeira do Peruíbe, tem o crânio como uma estrutura relativamente grande e sólida, e uma mandíbula forte formada pela junção de pequenos ossos, uma vez que tem uma alimentação muito abrasiva. Aplicando técnicas de microscopia electrónica de varrimento, foi possível identificar a presença de uma estrutura óssea localizada no hióide na região ventral do crânio, juntamente com a mandíbula de indivíduos juvenis de tartarugas verdes, e como não existe investigação relacionada, foi necessário realizar um TAC, descalcificação e histologia do hióide quelónico, para descobrir a composição morfológica desta nova estrutura, descrita apenas na espécie Chelonia mydas. Assim, a morfologia das estruturas e a sua confirmação como um osso real, com característica de osso esponjoso, descrito como certobranchial II, foi confirmada, ajudando assim os investigadores a procurar outras formas de compreender os processos de alimentação destes animais que estão a passar por uma série de graves problemas ambientais e, por conseguinte, talvez tenham de alterar os seus hábitos alimentares para superar o elevado nível de poluição que estamos a encontrar nos oceanos.

Giant Cell Tumor of Intermediate Cuneiform Evolving into Aneurysmal Bone Cyst: A Rare Case Report

Introduction: Giant cell tumor (GCT) most commonly involves distal femoral condyles, distal end of radius, proximal tibial plateau, and proximal humerus. GCT is uncommon to occur in small bones of hand and feet. 2% of GCT occur in hand. The incidence of GCT in foot is 1.2–1.8%. Only a few cases have been reported in literature worldwide. GCT is the most common cause of secondary ABC. We report a case of GCT of intermediate cuneiform in a 25-year-old female evolving into aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC). Case Report: A 25-year-old female presented to us with complaints of pain and swelling over the dorsum of right foot for a period of 1 year. On examination, there was a localized ovoid-shaped swelling of 2 by 2 cm over the dorsum of right foot. Radiographs revealed a well-defined osteolytic lesion in the intermediate cuneiform. T2 MRI showed hyper-intense lesion in intermediate cuneiform. The patient was taken up for surgery, and the intermediate cuneiform was excised completely. Removed bone was sent for histopathological examination which confirmed it to be GCT evolving into secondary ABC. The patient was followed for 1 year and had no complaints. The patient was able to weight bear and walk without any difficulty. There was no recurrence of lesion. Conclusion: GCT of the cuneiform evolving into ABC is a very rare presentation. The treatment of choice is excision of the tumor with or without bone grafting. Any osteolytic lesion in the small bones must be evaluated and should be intervened in the early stage. Keywords: Giant cell tumor, osteolytic lesion, surgical resection, intermediate cuneiform.

Comments on a small sabretooth cat in the Abismo Ponta de Flecha Cave, Vale do Ribeira, southeastern Brazil

The Vale do Ribeira, located in southeastern Brazil, is known for many caves with osteological material, including several extinct species. The saber-tooth cat Smilodon populator was a large predator that inhabited the Pleistocene and Holocene of South America. A specimen found in the Abismo Ponta de Flecha Cave based on small bones (metacarpals and phalanges) is commented here. The metacarpals have morphological characteristics of S. populator, but are smaller than that of S. fatalis and Panthera onca and larger than that of S. gracilis. The specimen is among the smallest ever found and is comparable in size to an adult lion.

A STUDY ON STABILIZATION OF COMPOUND SMALL BONE FRACTURES OF HAND AND FOOT WITH JESS FIXATOR

Background : The fractures of small bones of hand and foot should not be more complicated and damaging compared to the damage caused by the injury itself. The goal is to achieve good stability of the bone and joint, which allows early motion without resulting in the residual instability and malunion. These fractures of small bones of hand and foot can be treated with an external xator that allows fracture reduction attaining normal alignment. we took up the study with an aim to access the overall function and complications in treating open small bones of hand and foot with JESS xator. Methods: We performed a prospective study on 20 adult patients (14 males and 6 females) with small bone fractures of hand and foot, who attended outpatient or admitted in inpatient in the department of orthopaedics, government general hospital, Kakinada from October 2017 to august 2019. We excluded closed fractures and severely crushed fractures with neurovascular and tendon injuries. Results: 5 Results are recorded based on Duncan et al. criteria for ngers. For toes, the results are graded based on a total active range of movements. Most of the cases (n=17) showed radiological union within 12 weeks. Two cases took more than 20 weeks to heal. Whatever be the radiological union, the frame is removed mostly by 15 days postop (n=18) and by a maximum period of 21 days (n=6). the results are found to be excellent in 40% of cases, good in 44% cases, fair in 8% and poor results are seen in 8% cases. We had extensor lag as the most common complication (60%, n=15), 2 cases with malunion (8%) and one case (4%) with supercial infection. Conclusion: Hand serves many functions of precise movement, grip, grasp, touch etc. though these are small bones their fracture are not to be neglected and should be managed with utmost care. Jess is simple to operate, cheap, easily available, and has less complication rate. It makes the postoperative management simple and effective. It allows early mobilization, which prevents joint stiffness. Removing the frame at end of second postoperative week allows good functional results and doesn't compromise the stability of fracture.

WORKSHOP NERVE GLIDING EXERCISE DAN PEMBERIAN ULTRA SOUND (US) TERHADAP PENURUNAN NYERI PADA KASUS CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME DI GRANDMED LUBUK PAKAM

The problem that often occurs for workers is Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Carpal tunnel syndrome is a disorder of the hand due to compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, either due to adhesions or abnormalities of the small bones of the hand. The median nerve innervates the thumb, index finger, middle finger and part of the ring finger, so that pain and parathesia can be felt in these areas. One way of non-pharmacological therapy that can be used in CTS is through the provision of nerve gliding exercise. Nerve gliding exercise and the administration of ultra sound (US) modality are done with the aim of reducing pressure on the wrist so that pain can be reduced. The results of this service activity stated that as many as 94% of participants as physiotherapists had understood and were able to use nerve gliding exercise and Ultra Sound (US) for pain reduction in CTS cases.

Resection and Reconstruction is the Procedure of Choice for Giant Cell Lesions of Small Bones: A Case Report and Literature Review

Background: Giant cell lesion of small bones (GCLSB), also known as giant cell reparative granuloma, is a rare tumor-like condition occurring in the small bones of the hands and feet. GCLSB lacks specific clinical, radiological, and histological manifestations. There are no standardized protocols for treatment. Case presentation: Here, we report a 16-year-old male with recurrent GCLSB in the proximal phalanx of the left thumb. The lesion was successfully resected with bone grafting. Conclusions: We summarized the characteristics of 33 reported cases of GCLSB from 1983 to date, including gender, age, lesion sites, recurrence, and treatment. We conclude that resection and reconstruction with curettage is the treatment of choice.

Imaging in ischemia of bone – A pictorial essay

Ischemia of bone is not uncommon and is not recognized clinically unless it is acute. Ischemia of bone marrow in shafts of long bones goes by the name of infarction and is well recognized. Ischemia of epiphysis, small bones and subarticular ends of bones goes by the name of avascular necrosis and ischemia of cortical bone goes by the name of Osteosclerosis. The imaging features of these three entities are described with differential diagnosis wherever necessary.